Liu Xiaodong, Qiu Fang, Hou Lijuan, Wang Xiaohui
School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
Front Behav Neurosci. 2022 Jan 18;15:820017. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.820017. eCollection 2021.
Brain stimulation is a critical technique in neuroscience research and clinical application. Traditional transcranial brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and deep brain stimulation (DBS) have been widely investigated in neuroscience for decades. However, TMS and tDCS have poor spatial resolution and penetration depth, and DBS requires electrode implantation in deep brain structures. These disadvantages have limited the clinical applications of these techniques. Owing to developments in science and technology, substantial advances in noninvasive and precise deep stimulation have been achieved by neuromodulation studies. Second-generation brain stimulation techniques that mainly rely on acoustic, electronic, optical, and magnetic signals, such as focused ultrasound, temporal interference, near-infrared optogenetic, and nanomaterial-enabled magnetic stimulation, offer great prospects for neuromodulation. This review summarized the mechanisms, development, applications, and strengths of these techniques and the prospects and challenges in their development. We believe that these second-generation brain stimulation techniques pave the way for brain disorder therapy.
脑刺激是神经科学研究和临床应用中的一项关键技术。传统的经颅脑刺激技术，如经颅磁刺激（TMS）、经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）和深部脑刺激（DBS），在神经科学领域已经被广泛研究了数十年。然而，TMS和tDCS的空间分辨率和穿透深度较差，而DBS需要将电极植入深部脑结构。这些缺点限制了这些技术的临床应用。由于科学技术的发展，神经调节研究在非侵入性和精确深部刺激方面取得了重大进展。主要依赖声学、电子、光学和磁信号的第二代脑刺激技术，如聚焦超声、时间干扰、近红外光遗传学和纳米材料介导的磁刺激，为神经调节提供了广阔的前景。本文综述了这些技术的机制、发展、应用、优势以及它们发展中的前景和挑战。我们相信，这些第二代脑刺激技术为脑部疾病的治疗铺平了道路。
