Baratgin Jean, Godin Patrice, Jamet Frank
Université Paris 8, Laboratoire Cognition Humaine et Artificielle, Saint-Denis, France.
Probability, Assessment, Reasoning and Inferences Studies Association, Paris, France.
Front Psychol. 2022 Jan 25;12:785721. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.785721. eCollection 2021.
In this paper, Knetsch's exchange paradigm is analyzed from the perspective of pragmatics and social norms. In this paradigm the participant, at the beginning of the experiment, receives an object from the experimenter and at the end, the same experimenter offers to exchange the received object for an equivalent object. The observed refusal to exchange is called the endowment effect. We argue that this effect comes from an implicature made by the participant about the experimenter's own expectations. The participant perceives the received item as a gift, or as a present, from the experimenter that cannot be exchanged as stipulated by the social norms of western politeness common to both the experimenter and the participant. This implicature, however, should not be produced by participants from Kanak culture for whom the perceived gift of a good will be interpreted as a first act of exchange based on gift and counter-gift. This exchange is a natural, frequent, balanced, and indispensable act for all Kanak social bonds whether private or public. Kanak people also know the French social norms that they apply in their interactions with French people living in New Caledonia. In our experiment, we show that when the exchange paradigm takes place in a French context, with a French experimenter and in French, the Kanak participant is subject to the endowment effect in the same way as a French participant. On the other hand, when the paradigm is carried out in a Kanak context, with a Kanak experimenter and in the vernacular language, or in a Kanak context that approaches the ceremonial of the custom, the endowment effect is no longer observed. The same number of Kanak participants accept or refuse to exchange the endowed item. These results, in addition to providing a new explanation for the endowment effect, highlight the great flexibility of decisions according to social-cultural context.
在本文中，我们从语用学和社会规范的角度分析了克内奇的交换范式。在这个范式中，参与者在实验开始时从实验者那里收到一个物品，而在实验结束时，同一位实验者提出用一个等价物品交换收到的物品。观察到的拒绝交换被称为禀赋效应。我们认为这种效应来自参与者对实验者自身期望所做的一种暗示。参与者将收到的物品视为实验者给予的礼物，根据实验者和参与者共有的西方礼貌社会规范，这个礼物是不能用来交换的。然而，对于卡纳克文化的参与者来说，这种暗示是不会产生的，因为对他们而言，善意的礼物会被视为基于礼物与回礼的首次交换行为。这种交换对于所有卡纳克社会关系，无论是私人关系还是公共关系，都是自然、频繁、平衡且不可或缺的行为。卡纳克人也了解他们在与居住在新喀里多尼亚的法国人互动时所适用的法国社会规范。在我们的实验中，我们表明，当交换范式在法国背景下，由法国实验者用法语进行时，卡纳克参与者与法国参与者一样会受到禀赋效应的影响。另一方面，当范式在卡纳克背景下，由卡纳克实验者用当地语言进行，或者在接近习俗仪式的卡纳克背景下进行时，就不再观察到禀赋效应。相同数量的卡纳克参与者接受或拒绝交换给予的物品。这些结果除了为禀赋效应提供一种新的解释外，还凸显了根据社会文化背景做出决策的巨大灵活性。
