Chia ( L.) Flour and Oil Ameliorate Metabolic Disorders in the Liver of Rats Fed a High-Fat and High Fructose Diet.

We hypothesized that the consumption of chia ( L.) flour (CF) and chia oil (CO) improves metabolic disorders in the liver of Wistar rats () fed a high-fat and high-fructose (HFHF) diet. The animals were fed a HFHF diet ( = 30) or AIN93-M standard diet ( = 10) for eight weeks. After this period, the animals fed HFHF were divided into three groups ( = 10): HFHF diet, HFHF plus 14.7% of CF, and HFHF plus 4% of CO. Histological and biochemical analyses, gene expression, protein levels related to inflammation, and oxidative stress were evaluated in the liver. The HFHF diet caused lipogenesis, liver steatosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the animals. The CF and CO intake increased the liver total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase, decreased nitric oxide levels and liver steatosis. Furthermore, the CF and CO led to the upregulation of and , respectively, whereas CF downregulated . CO intake decreased blood glucose, triglycerides, and the animals' body weight. Chia did not show effects on mitigating liver pro-inflammatory status, which it may indicate occurs later. The addition of chia into an unbalanced diet is a good and relevant strategy to reduce liver metabolic disorders caused by the high consumption of fructose and saturated fat.