Hermawan Dede, Budiman Ismail, Febrianto Fauzi, Subyakto Subyakto, Pari Gustan, Ghozali Muhammad, Bahtiar Effendi Tri, Sutiawan Jajang, Azevedo Afonso R G de
Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
Research Center for Biomaterials, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia.
Polymers (Basel). 2022 Jan 20;14(3):410. doi: 10.3390/polym14030410.
This study aims to produce mortar through the addition of oil palm shells (OPS)-activated charcoal and oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) hydrochar, which has high mechanical properties, self-healing crack capabilities, and pollutant adsorption abilities. The cracking of mortar and other cementitious materials is essential in anticipating and reducing building damages and ages due to various reasons, such as chemical reactions, foundation movements, climatic changes, and environmental stresses. This leads to the creation of self-healing mortar, which is produced by adding reductive crack size materials to form calcium carbonate (CaCO) and silicate hydrate (3CaO.2SiO.2HO, CSH). One of these materials is known as activated charcoal, which is obtained from oil palm shells (OPS) and oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) fibres. This is because the OPS-activated charcoal minimizes crack sizes and functions as a gaseous pollutant absorber. In this study, activated charcoal was used as fine aggregate to substitute a part of the utilized sand. This indicated that the utilized content varied between 1-3 wt.% cement. Also, the mortar samples were tested after 28 days of cure, including the mechanical properties and gaseous pollutant adsorption abilities. Based on this study, the crack recovery test was also performed at specific forces and wet/dry cycles, respectively, indicating that the mortar with the addition of 3% activated charcoal showed the best characteristics. Using 3% of the cement weight, OPEFB hydrochar subsequently varied at 1, 2, and 3% of the mortar volume, respectively. Therefore, the mortar with 3 and 1% of OPS-activated charcoal and OPEFB hydrochar had the best properties, based on mechanical, self-healing, and pollutant adsorption abilities.
本研究旨在通过添加油棕壳（OPS）活性炭和油棕空果串（OPEFB）水炭来制备具有高机械性能、自愈合裂缝能力和污染物吸附能力的砂浆。砂浆和其他胶凝材料的开裂对于预测和减少由于化学反应、基础移动、气候变化和环境应力等各种原因导致的建筑物损坏和老化至关重要。这导致了自愈合砂浆的产生，它是通过添加减小裂缝尺寸的材料来形成碳酸钙（CaCO）和硅酸钙水合物（3CaO·2SiO·2H₂O，CSH）而制成的。其中一种材料就是活性炭，它是从油棕壳（OPS）和油棕空果串（OPEFB）纤维中获得的。这是因为OPS活性炭能使裂缝尺寸最小化，并起到气态污染物吸收剂的作用。在本研究中，活性炭被用作细集料来替代一部分所用的沙子。这表明所用含量在水泥重量的1 - 3 wt.%之间变化。此外，砂浆样品在养护28天后进行了测试，包括机械性能和气态污染物吸附能力。基于本研究，还分别在特定力和湿/干循环条件下进行了裂缝恢复试验，结果表明添加3%活性炭的砂浆表现出最佳特性。随后，以水泥重量的3%为基础，OPEFB水炭分别以砂浆体积的1%、2%和3%变化。因此，基于机械性能、自愈合能力和污染物吸附能力，含有3% OPS活性炭和1% OPEFB水炭的砂浆具有最佳性能。
