Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA.
MAGMA. 2022 Oct;35(5):733-748. doi: 10.1007/s10334-022-01001-x. Epub 2022 Feb 17.
Arterial stenosis is a significant cardiovascular disease requiring accurate estimation of the pressure gradients for determining hemodynamic significance. In this paper, we propose Generalized Bernoulli Equation (GBE) utilizing interpolated-based method to estimate relative pressures using streamlines and pathlines from 4D Flow MRI.
4D Flow MRI data in a stenotic phantom model and computational fluid dynamics simulated velocities generated under identical flow conditions were processed by Generalized Bernoulli Equation (GBE), Reduced Bernoulli Equations (RBE), as well as the Simple Bernoulli Equation (SBE) which is clinically prevalent. Pressures derived from 4D flow MRI and noise corrupted CFD velocities were compared with pressures generated directly with CFD as well as pressures obtained using Millar catheters under identical flow conditions.
It was found that SBE and RBE methods underestimated the relative pressure for lower flow rates while overestimating the relative pressure at higher flow rates. Specifically, compared to the reference pressure, SBE underestimated the maximum relative pressure by 22[Formula: see text] for a pulsatile flow data with peak flow rate [Formula: see text] and overestimated by around 40[Formula: see text] when [Formula: see text]. In contrast, for GBE method the relative pressure values were overestimated by 15[Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text]and around 10[Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text].
GBE methods showed robust performance to additive image noise compared to other methods. Our findings indicate that GBE pressure estimation over pathlines attains the highest level of accuracy compared to GBE over streamlines, and the SBE and RBE methods.
动脉狭窄是一种重要的心血管疾病，需要准确估计压力梯度以确定血液动力学意义。本文利用基于插值的方法，通过 4D Flow MRI 中的流线和轨线来估算相对压力，提出了广义伯努利方程（GBE）。
对狭窄模型中的 4D Flow MRI 数据和在相同流动条件下生成的计算流体动力学模拟速度进行广义伯努利方程（GBE）、简化伯努利方程（SBE）和简化伯努利方程（RBE）处理，SBE 是临床上常用的方法。比较了从 4D 流 MRI 获得的压力和受噪声污染的 CFD 速度与直接用 CFD 生成的压力以及在相同流动条件下使用 Millar 导管获得的压力。
结果表明，SBE 和 RBE 方法低估了低流速时的相对压力，高估了高流速时的相对压力。具体来说，与参考压力相比，SBE 对脉动流数据的最大相对压力低估了 22[Formula: see text]，峰值流量为[Formula: see text]，高估了约 40[Formula: see text]，当[Formula: see text]。相比之下，GBE 方法的相对压力值在[Formula: see text]时高估了 15[Formula: see text]，在[Formula: see text]时高估了约 10[Formula: see text]。
与其他方法相比，GBE 方法对附加图像噪声表现出稳健的性能。我们的研究结果表明，与基于流线的 GBE 压力估计相比，轨线的 GBE 压力估计达到了最高的准确性水平，并且优于 SBE 和 RBE 方法。
