人乳低聚糖组成揭示了早期营养的全球差异。
Human Milk Oligosaccharide Compositions Illustrate Global Variations in Early Nutrition.
机构信息
Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
出版信息
J Nutr. 2022 May 5;152(5):1239-1253. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxac027.
BACKGROUND
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are an abundant class of compounds found in human milk and have been linked to the development of the infant, and specifically the brain, immune system, and gut microbiome.
OBJECTIVES
Advanced analytical methods were used to obtain relative quantitation of many structures in approximately 2000 samples from over 1000 mothers in urban, semirural, and rural sites across geographically diverse countries.
METHODS
LC-MS-based analytical methods were used to profile the compounds with broad structural coverage and quantitative information. The profiles revealed their structural heterogeneity and their potential biological roles. Comparisons of HMO compositions were made between mothers of different age groups, lactation periods, infant sexes, and residing geographical locations.
RESULTS
A common behavior found among all sites was a decrease in HMO abundances during lactation until approximately postnatal month 6, where they remained relatively constant. The greatest variations in structural abundances were associated with the presence of α(1,2)-fucosylated species. Genomic analyses of the mothers were not performed; instead, milk was phenotyped according to the abundances of α(1,2)-fucosylated structures. Mothers from the South American sites tended to have higher proportions of phenotypic secretors [mothers with relatively high concentrations of α(1,2)-fucosylated structures] in their populations compared to the rest of the globe, with Bolivia at ∼100% secretors, Peru at ∼97%, Brazil at ∼90%, and Argentina at ∼85%. Conversely, the cohort sampled in Africa manifested the lowest proportion of secretors (South Africa ∼ 63%, the Gambia ∼ 64%, and Malawi ∼ 75%). Furthermore, we compared total abundances of HMOs in secretors compared with nonsecretors and found that nonsecretors have lower abundances of HMOs compared to secretors, regardless of geographical location. We also observed compositional differences of the 50+ most abundant HMOs between milk types and geographical locations.
CONCLUSIONS
This study represents the largest structural HMO study to date and reveals the general behavior of HMOs during lactation among different populations.
背景
人乳寡糖（HMOs）是一类在人乳中含量丰富的化合物，与婴儿的发育有关，特别是与大脑、免疫系统和肠道微生物群有关。
目的
使用先进的分析方法，从 1000 多位母亲的大约 2000 个样本中，对许多结构进行相对定量，这些母亲分别来自地理分布广泛的城市、半农村和农村地区。
方法
使用基于 LC-MS 的分析方法来分析具有广泛结构覆盖范围和定量信息的化合物。这些图谱揭示了它们的结构异质性及其潜在的生物学作用。对不同年龄组、哺乳期、婴儿性别和居住地理位置的母亲的 HMO 组成进行了比较。
结果
所有地点都发现了一个共同的行为，即在哺乳期期间，HMO 的丰度逐渐降低，直到大约产后 6 个月，之后相对保持稳定。结构丰度的最大变化与存在α（1,2）-岩藻糖基化的物种有关。未对母亲的基因组进行分析；相反，根据α（1,2）-岩藻糖基化结构的丰度对牛奶进行了表型分析。与全球其他地区相比，来自南美洲地区的母亲在其人群中表现出较高比例的表型分泌者[具有相对较高浓度的α（1,2）-岩藻糖基化结构的母亲]，其中玻利维亚约为 100%的分泌者，秘鲁约为 97%，巴西约为 90%，阿根廷约为 85%。相反，在非洲采样的队列表现出最低比例的分泌者（南非约为 63%，冈比亚约为 64%，马拉维约为 75%）。此外，我们比较了分泌者与非分泌者之间 HMO 的总丰度，发现无论地理位置如何，非分泌者的 HMO 丰度都低于分泌者。我们还观察到不同乳型和地理位置之间 50 多种最丰富的 HMO 组成的差异。
结论
这项研究是迄今为止规模最大的 HMO 结构研究，揭示了不同人群在哺乳期期间 HMO 的一般行为。
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