Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (Evogene), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslogrid.5510.1, Oslo, Norway.
Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2022 Mar 22;88(6):e0211321. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02113-21. Epub 2022 Feb 2.
Many children spend considerable time in daycare centers and may be influenced by the indoor microorganisms there, including fungi. In this study, we investigate the indoor mycobiomes of 125 daycare centers distributed along strong environmental gradients throughout Norway. Dust samples were collected from doorframes outside and inside buildings using a community science sampling approach. Fungal communities in the dust samples were analyzed using DNA metabarcoding of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region. We observed a marked difference between the outdoor and indoor mycobiomes. The indoor mycobiomes included considerably more yeasts and molds than the outdoor samples, with , , , and being among the most dominant fungal genera. Changes in the indoor fungal richness and composition correlated with numerous variables related to both outdoor and indoor conditions; there was a clear geographic structure in the indoor mycobiome composition that mirrored the outdoor climate, ranging from humid areas in western Norway to drier and colder areas in eastern Norway. Moreover, the number of children in the daycare centers, as well as various building features, influenced the indoor mycobiome composition. We conclude that the indoor mycobiomes in Norwegian daycare centers are structured by multiple factors and are dominated by yeasts and molds. This study exemplifies how community science sampling enables DNA-based analyses of a high number of samples covering wide geographic areas. With an alarming increase in chronic diseases like childhood asthma and allergies, there is an increased focus on the exposure of young children to indoor biological and chemical air pollutants. Our study of 125 daycares throughout Norway demonstrates that the indoor mycobiome not only reflects cooccurring outdoor fungi but also includes a high abundance of yeast and mold fungi with an affinity for indoor environments. A multitude of factors influence the indoor mycobiomes in daycares, including the building type, inhabitants, as well as the outdoor environment. Many of the detected yeasts and molds are likely associated with the human body, where some have been coupled with allergies and respiratory problems. Our results call for further studies investigating the potential impact of the identified daycare-associated mycobiomes on children's health.
许多儿童在日托中心度过大量时间，可能会受到那里的室内微生物的影响，包括真菌。在这项研究中，我们调查了分布在挪威各地的 125 个日托中心的室内真菌组。使用社区科学采样方法，从建筑物内外的门框收集灰尘样本。使用内部转录间隔区 2（ITS2）区域的 DNA 代谢组学分析灰尘样本中的真菌群落。我们观察到室外和室内真菌组之间存在明显差异。室内真菌组包括比室外样本更多的酵母和霉菌，其中 、 、 和 是最主要的真菌属。室内真菌丰富度和组成的变化与许多与室外和室内条件相关的变量相关；室内真菌组成具有明显的地理结构，反映了室外气候，从挪威西部的潮湿地区到挪威东部干燥和寒冷的地区。此外，日托中心的儿童人数以及各种建筑特征也影响了室内真菌组的组成。我们得出结论，挪威日托中心的室内真菌组由多种因素构成，由酵母和霉菌主导。这项研究说明了社区科学采样如何使基于 DNA 的分析能够覆盖广泛的地理区域并处理大量样本。随着儿童哮喘和过敏等慢性疾病的惊人增加，人们越来越关注幼儿接触室内生物和化学空气污染物的情况。我们对挪威 125 家日托中心的研究表明，室内真菌组不仅反映了共同存在的室外真菌，还包括大量对室内环境具有亲和力的酵母和霉菌真菌。许多因素会影响日托中心的室内真菌组，包括建筑类型、居民以及室外环境。检测到的许多酵母和霉菌可能与人体有关，其中一些与过敏和呼吸道问题有关。我们的研究结果呼吁进一步研究确定的日托相关真菌组对儿童健康的潜在影响。
