Saelens Ganna, Robertson Lucy, Gabriël Sarah
Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
Parasitology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway.
Food Waterborne Parasitol. 2022 Feb 5;26:e00145. doi: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00145. eCollection 2022 Mar.
The cestode family Taeniidae consists of the genera and , both of which include zoonotic tapeworms of serious public health importance. Various environmental matrices have been identified from which parasite transmission to animals and humans can occur, and many techniques for detecting taeniid eggs in different environments have been developed. However, the majority lack appropriate validation, and standardized egg isolation procedures are absent. This hampers interstudy comparisons and poses a challenge for future researchers when deciding which technique to implement for assessing taeniid egg contamination in a particular matrix. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to present an overview of the detection methods for taeniid eggs in the environment, to discuss and compare them, and to provide recommendations for future studies. In total, 1814 publications were retrieved from scientific databases, and, ultimately, data were systematically reviewed from 90 papers. The results provide an overview of numerous diagnostic tests for taeniid egg detection in (or on) water, food, soil, insects, objects, and air. These tools could be categorized as either conventional (light microscopy), molecular, or immunodetection tools. The relatively cheap microscopy techniques often lack sensitivity and are unable to identify a taeniid egg at the genus level. Nevertheless, several records ascribed a genus, or even species, to taeniid eggs that had been detected by light microscopy. Molecular and immunodetection tools offer better specificity, but still rely on the preceding egg recovery steps that also affect overall sensitivity. Finally, the majority of the methods lacked any attempt at performance evaluation and standardization, especially at the earlier stages of the analysis (e.g., sampling strategy, storage conditions, egg recovery), and viability was rarely addressed. As such, our review highlights the need for standardized, validated detection tools, that not only assess the extent of environmental contamination, but also the egg genus or species, and address viability.
带绦虫科由带绦虫属和其他属组成，这两个属均包含对公共卫生具有重要意义的人畜共患绦虫。已确定了多种可能发生寄生虫传播给动物和人类的环境基质，并且已开发出许多用于检测不同环境中带绦虫卵的技术。然而，大多数技术缺乏适当的验证，并且没有标准化的虫卵分离程序。这妨碍了研究间的比较，并给未来的研究人员在决定采用哪种技术评估特定基质中的带绦虫卵污染时带来了挑战。因此，本系统评价的目的是概述环境中带绦虫卵的检测方法，对其进行讨论和比较，并为未来的研究提供建议。总共从科学数据库中检索到1814篇出版物，最终对90篇论文的数据进行了系统评价。结果概述了用于检测水、食物、土壤、昆虫、物体和空气中（或表面）带绦虫卵的众多诊断测试。这些工具可分为传统工具（光学显微镜）、分子工具或免疫检测工具。相对便宜的显微镜技术通常缺乏灵敏度，无法在属水平上鉴定带绦虫卵。尽管如此，有几份记录将光学显微镜检测到的带绦虫卵归为某一属，甚至某一物种。分子和免疫检测工具具有更好的特异性，但仍依赖于先前的虫卵回收步骤，而这也会影响整体灵敏度。最后，大多数方法缺乏任何性能评估和标准化的尝试，尤其是在分析的早期阶段（例如采样策略、储存条件、虫卵回收），而且很少涉及虫卵的活力。因此，我们的综述强调需要标准化、经过验证的检测工具，这些工具不仅要评估环境污染的程度，还要鉴定虫卵的属或种，并解决虫卵活力问题。
