Adel Islam M, ElMeligy Mohamed F, Elkasabgy Nermeen A
Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
Pharmaceutics. 2022 Jan 27;14(2):306. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020306.
Tissue regeneration is an auto-healing mechanism, initiating immediately following tissue damage to restore normal tissue structure and function. This falls in line with survival instinct being the most dominant instinct for any living organism. Nevertheless, the process is slow and not feasible in all tissues, which led to the emergence of tissue engineering (TE). TE aims at replacing damaged tissues with new ones. To do so, either new tissue is being cultured in vitro and then implanted, or stimulants are implanted into the target site to enhance endogenous tissue formation. Whichever approach is used, a matrix is used to support tissue growth, known as 'scaffold'. In this review, an overall look at scaffolds fabrication is discussed, starting with design considerations and different biomaterials used. Following, highlights of conventional and advanced fabrication techniques are attentively presented. The future of scaffolds in TE is ever promising, with the likes of nanotechnology being investigated for scaffold integration. The constant evolvement of organoids and biofluidics with the eventual inclusion of organ-on-a-chip in TE has shown a promising prospect of what the technology might lead to. Perhaps the closest technology to market is 4D scaffolds following the successful implementation of 4D printing in other fields.
组织再生是一种自我修复机制，在组织受损后立即启动，以恢复正常的组织结构和功能。这符合生存本能是任何生物体最主要本能的观点。然而，这个过程很缓慢，且并非在所有组织中都可行，这就导致了组织工程（TE）的出现。组织工程旨在用新的组织替代受损组织。为此，要么在体外培养新组织然后植入，要么将刺激物植入目标部位以增强内源性组织形成。无论采用哪种方法，都需要使用一种基质来支持组织生长，这种基质被称为“支架”。在这篇综述中，我们将全面探讨支架的制造，首先是设计考虑因素和所使用的不同生物材料。接下来，将详细介绍传统和先进的制造技术。组织工程中支架的未来前景广阔，纳米技术等正在被研究用于支架整合。类器官和生物流体技术的不断发展，最终将器官芯片纳入组织工程，展示了这项技术可能带来的美好前景。也许最接近市场的技术是4D支架，因为4D打印已在其他领域成功应用。
