Prasad Bablu, Prasad Kumar Suranjit, Dave Hemen, Das Aditee, Asodariya Gargi, Talati Nisha, Swain Sunita, Kapse Shruti
Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India.
Centre of Environmental Science, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Environ Res. 2022 Jul;210:112987. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112987. Epub 2022 Feb 24.
In the current investigation, the distribution and extent of human exposure of phthalate esters (PAEs) have been reported on global extent based on computed indices. The proposed indices were calculated based on environmental concentrations, toxicity, occurrence, environmental fate, and transport of PAEs. The cumulative phthalate exposure index (PEI) based on the phthalate pollution index (PPI) was mapped on a global scale based on the existing data reported in the literature. The results revealed that the PAEs are heterogeneously distributed globally, and about 30% of total environmental PAEs are ultimately exposed to the average human being. The comparative distribution of PAEs in various environmental compartments including urban-rural, indoor-outdoor, home-dormitory-classroom, and their exposure likelihood were studied based on indices. More than 90% of total human exposure of PAEs was observed to be from indoor environmental compartments. Significantly high exposure was observed in the urban population as compared to the rural population. About 70% of the total phthalate pollution sub-index of dust was observed from home followed by a classroom of ∼15% and then a dormitory of ∼10%. In addition, the indices were equated with the current human development index (HDI), gross national income (GNI), and exposure of particulate matter of each country. Based on current findings, the population living in the areas where >20 μg/m of particulate matter has been reported are possibly exposed with higher PAEs. The indices were highly diversified at high HDI (0.9) values and between 40,000 and 50,000 $ per capita income due to different usage of phthalate-containing products, disposal, and extensive monitoring work carried out by the developed and developing countries.
在当前的调查中，基于计算得出的指数，已在全球范围内报告了邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的人体暴露分布和程度。所提出的指数是根据PAEs的环境浓度、毒性、存在情况、环境归宿和迁移来计算的。基于邻苯二甲酸酯污染指数（PPI）的累积邻苯二甲酸酯暴露指数（PEI），根据文献中报告的现有数据在全球范围内进行了绘制。结果表明，PAEs在全球范围内分布不均，约30%的环境PAEs最终会暴露于普通人群。基于指数研究了PAEs在城乡、室内外、家庭-宿舍-教室等各种环境介质中的比较分布及其暴露可能性。观察到PAEs的人体总暴露量中超过90%来自室内环境介质。与农村人口相比，城市人口的暴露量明显更高。在粉尘的邻苯二甲酸酯污染子指数中，约70%来自家庭，其次是约15%来自教室，约10%来自宿舍。此外，还将这些指数与当前的人类发展指数（HDI）、国民总收入（GNI）以及每个国家的颗粒物暴露情况进行了对比。根据目前的研究结果，生活在报告颗粒物浓度>20μg/m³地区的人群可能会接触到更高水平的PAEs。由于发达国家和发展中国家对含邻苯二甲酸酯产品的使用、处置情况不同以及开展的广泛监测工作，这些指数在高HDI（0.9）值和人均收入在40000至50000美元之间时高度多样化。
