Raine Adrian, Chen Frances R, Waller Rebecca
University of Pennsylvania.
Georgia State University.
Pers Individ Dif. 2022 Feb;185. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111238. Epub 2021 Sep 17.
The Cognitive, Affective and Somatic Empathy Scales (CASES) assess three forms of empathy, each with subscales for positive and negative empathy. The present study extends this child instrument to adults and examines its factor structure and construct validity. A secondary aim is to investigate the under-researched area of positive empathy. Community samples totaling 2,604 adults completed the CASES for adults, together with scales assessing construct validity. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor cognitive-affective-somatic model and a two-factor positive-negative empathy model. Findings were replicated in a second independent sample. Internal reliabilities ranged from .80 to .92. Individuals with higher psychopathy and stimulation-seeking scores were less impaired in their empathic reactions to positive relative to negative valence events, suggesting that they are relatively capable of responding emotionally to rewarding events. Somatic empathy was most strongly associated with pleasure in affective touch and with female > male gender differences. While proactive aggression was associated with reduced cognitive and affective empathy, reactive aggression was associated with empathy. Findings provide initial support for the utility of CASES for assessing different forms of empathy and suggest that the balance between positive and negative empathy could provide new insights into psychological traits.
认知、情感和躯体共情量表（CASES）评估了三种共情形式，每种形式都有积极共情和消极共情的子量表。本研究将这种儿童量表扩展到成人，并检验其因子结构和结构效度。第二个目的是调查积极共情这个研究较少的领域。共有2604名成年人的社区样本完成了成人版CASES以及评估结构效度的量表。验证性因素分析支持三因素认知-情感-躯体模型和两因素积极-消极共情模型。研究结果在第二个独立样本中得到了重复。内部信度在0.80至0.92之间。精神病态得分和寻求刺激得分较高的个体，相对于负性效价事件，对正性事件的共情反应受损程度较小，这表明他们相对能够对奖励事件做出情绪反应。躯体共情与情感触摸中的愉悦感以及女性>男性的性别差异最为密切相关。虽然主动性攻击与认知和情感共情的降低有关，但反应性攻击与共情有关。研究结果为CASES在评估不同形式共情方面的效用提供了初步支持，并表明积极共情和消极共情之间的平衡可以为心理特质提供新的见解。
