steroidal glycoalkaloids: structural diversity, biological activities, and biosynthesis.

Covering: up to 1 October 2020 steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGA), characterized by nitrogenous steroidal aglycone and glycoside residues, mainly occur in the species, including economically important edible plants such as potato, tomato, and eggplant. To date, 107 SGA assigned to six total skeletons have been identified from plants. SGA have unique structures and display significant pharmacological activities such as cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anticholesterol, and some are well-known poisons. The biosynthesis pathway, transcriptional regulation, and the evolution of SGA are also examined in detail. This report updates the chemical knowledge of the naturally occurring SGA from species, thereby providing an in-depth analysis of their diversity, biological activities, and biosynthesis.