Davis Rahul, Singh Abhishek, Jackson Mark James, Coelho Reginaldo Teixeira, Prakash Divya, Charalambous Charalambos Panayiotou, Ahmed Waqar, da Silva Leonardo Rosa Ribeiro, Lawrence Abner Ankit
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, 800005 India.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vaugh Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, 211007 India.
Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2022;120(3-4):1473-1530. doi: 10.1007/s00170-022-08770-8. Epub 2022 Feb 23.
There is a tremendous increase in the demand for converting biomaterials into high-quality industrially manufactured human body parts, also known as medical implants. Drug delivery systems, bone plates, screws, cranial, and dental devices are the popular examples of these implants - the potential alternatives for human life survival. However, the processing techniques of an engineered implant largely determine its preciseness, surface characteristics, and interactive ability with the adjacent tissue(s) in a particular biological environment. Moreover, the high cost-effective manufacturing of an implant under tight tolerances remains a challenge. In this regard, several subtractive or additive manufacturing techniques are employed to manufacture patient-specific implants, depending primarily on the required biocompatibility, bioactivity, surface integrity, and fatigue strength. The present paper reviews numerous non-degradable and degradable metallic implant biomaterials such as stainless steel (SS), titanium (Ti)-based, cobalt (Co)-based, nickel-titanium (NiTi), and magnesium (Mg)-based alloys, followed by their processing via traditional turning, drilling, and milling including the high-speed multi-axis CNC machining, and non-traditional abrasive water jet machining (AWJM), laser beam machining (LBM), ultrasonic machining (USM), and electric discharge machining (EDM) types of subtractive manufacturing techniques. However, the review further funnels down its primary focus on Mg, NiTi, and Ti-based alloys on the basis of the increasing trend of their implant applications in the last decade due to some of their outstanding properties. In the recent years, the incorporation of cryogenic coolant-assisted traditional subtraction of biomaterials has gained researchers' attention due to its sustainability, environment-friendly nature, performance, and superior biocompatible and functional outcomes fitting for medical applications. However, some of the latest studies reported that the medical implant manufacturing requirements could be more remarkably met using the non-traditional subtractive manufacturing approaches. Altogether, cryogenic machining among the traditional routes and EDM among the non-traditional means along with their variants, were identified as some of the most effective subtractive manufacturing techniques for achieving the dimensionally accurate and biocompatible metallic medical implants with significantly modified surfaces.
将生物材料转化为高质量的工业制造人体部件（也称为医疗植入物）的需求急剧增加。药物输送系统、骨板、螺钉、颅骨和牙科器械是这些植入物的常见例子，它们是人类生存的潜在替代品。然而，工程植入物的加工技术在很大程度上决定了其精度、表面特性以及在特定生物环境中与相邻组织的相互作用能力。此外，在严格公差下高性价比地制造植入物仍然是一个挑战。在这方面，主要根据所需的生物相容性、生物活性、表面完整性和疲劳强度，采用了几种减法或加法制造技术来制造定制植入物。本文综述了多种不可降解和可降解的金属植入生物材料，如不锈钢（SS）、钛（Ti）基、钴（Co）基、镍钛（NiTi）和镁（Mg）基合金，以及它们通过传统车削、钻孔和铣削（包括高速多轴数控加工）以及非传统的磨料水射流加工（AWJM）、激光束加工（LBM）、超声加工（USM）和电火花加工（EDM）等减法制造技术的加工过程。然而，基于过去十年中镁、镍钛和钛基合金因其一些优异性能在植入物应用方面的增长趋势，综述进一步将主要重点集中在这些合金上。近年来，低温冷却剂辅助的传统生物材料减法加工因其可持续性、环境友好性、性能以及适合医疗应用的卓越生物相容性和功能结果而受到研究人员的关注。然而，一些最新研究报告称，使用非传统减法制造方法能够更显著地满足医疗植入物制造要求。总体而言，传统加工路线中的低温加工以及非传统加工方法中的电火花加工及其变体，被认为是实现尺寸精确且具有显著改性表面的生物相容性金属医疗植入物的一些最有效减法制造技术。
