Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas, TX 75226, USA.
Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2022 Feb 22;23(2):73. doi: 10.31083/j.rcm2302073.
Endothelial activation and dysfunction is an important contributor to atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases and cardiorenal syndrome. Endothelial dysfunction is also linked with metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes. The search for specific and sensitive biomarkers of endothelial activation and dysfunction may have important clinical implications. This review pinpoints the differences in biomarkers between endothelial activation and endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases, and then briefly describes the most relevant biomarkers of endothelial activation. Biomarkers of endothelial activation include endothelial adhesion molecules, cytokines, C-reactive protein, CD62E+/E-selectin activated endothelial microparticles, oxidation of low density lipoproteins, asymmetric dimethylarginine and endocan. This review also presents an update on the novel biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, such as matrix metalloproteinases (e.g., MMP-7, MMP-9), ANGPTL2, endogdlin, annexin V+ endothelial apoptotic microparticles, and serum homocysteine. Finally, this review emphasizes the limitations of biomarkers of endothelial activation and dysfunction in clinical setting.
内皮细胞激活和功能障碍是动脉粥样硬化、心血管疾病和心肾综合征的重要原因。内皮功能障碍也与代谢综合征和 2 型糖尿病有关。寻找内皮激活和功能障碍的特异性和敏感生物标志物可能具有重要的临床意义。本文重点介绍了心血管疾病中内皮激活和内皮功能障碍的生物标志物之间的差异，然后简要描述了最相关的内皮激活生物标志物。内皮激活的生物标志物包括内皮细胞黏附分子、细胞因子、C 反应蛋白、CD62E+/E-选择素激活的内皮微颗粒、低密度脂蛋白氧化、非对称二甲基精氨酸和内脂素。本文还介绍了内皮功能障碍的新型生物标志物的最新进展，如基质金属蛋白酶（如 MMP-7、MMP-9）、ANGPTL2、内皮球蛋白、膜联蛋白 V+内皮凋亡微颗粒和血清同型半胱氨酸。最后，本文强调了内皮激活和功能障碍的生物标志物在临床环境中的局限性。
