Silva Tânia M, Cade Maria V, Figueiras Adolfo, Roque Fátima, Herdeiro Maria T, Devakumar Delan
Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED - Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
J Migr Health. 2022 Feb 12;5:100085. doi: 10.1016/j.jmh.2022.100085. eCollection 2022.
Globally, xenophobia towards out-groups is frequently increased in times of economic and political instability, such as in infectious disease outbreaks. This systematic review aims to: (1) assess the xenophobic attitudes and behaviors towards migrants during disease outbreaks; and (2) identify adverse health outcomes linked to xenophobia. We searched nine scientific databases to identify studies measuring xenophobic tendencies towards international migrants during disease outbreaks and evaluated the resulting adverse health effects. Eighteen articles were included in the review. The findings were grouped into: (1) xenophobia-related outcomes, including social exclusion, out-group avoidance, support for exclusionary health policies, othering, and germ aversion; and (2) mental health problems, such as anxiety and fear. Depending on the disease outbreak, different migrant populations were negatively affected, particularly Asians, Africans, and Latino people. Factors such as perceived vulnerability to disease, disgust sensitivity, medical mistrust individualism, collectivism, disease salience, social representation of disease and beliefs in different origins of disease were associated with xenophobia. Overall, migrants can be a vulnerable population frequently blamed for spreading disease, promoting irrational fear, worry and stigma in various forms, thus leading to health inequities worldwide. It is urgent that societies adopt effective support strategies to combat xenophobia and structural forms of discrimination against migrants.
在全球范围内，在经济和政治不稳定时期，例如传染病爆发期间，对外群体的仇外心理往往会加剧。本系统综述旨在：（1）评估疾病爆发期间对移民的仇外态度和行为；（2）确定与仇外心理相关的不良健康后果。我们检索了九个科学数据库，以识别衡量疾病爆发期间对国际移民仇外倾向的研究，并评估由此产生的不良健康影响。该综述纳入了18篇文章。研究结果分为：（1）与仇外心理相关的结果，包括社会排斥、对外群体的回避、对排他性卫生政策的支持、他者化和对病菌的厌恶；（2）心理健康问题，如焦虑和恐惧。根据疾病爆发情况，不同的移民群体受到负面影响，尤其是亚洲人、非洲人和拉丁裔。诸如对疾病易感性的认知、厌恶敏感性、对医疗的不信任、个人主义、集体主义、疾病显著性、疾病的社会表征以及对疾病不同起源的信念等因素与仇外心理有关。总体而言，移民可能是一个弱势群体，经常被指责传播疾病，引发各种形式的非理性恐惧、担忧和污名化，从而导致全球范围内的健康不平等。社会迫切需要采取有效的支持策略来对抗仇外心理和对移民的结构性歧视形式。
