Chawla Karan, Subramanian Gayatri, Rahman Tia, Fan Shumin, Chakravarty Sukanya, Gujja Shreyas, Demchak Hayley, Chakravarti Ritu, Chattopadhyay Saurabh
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
Immuno. 2022 Mar;2(1):153-169. doi: 10.3390/immuno2010012. Epub 2022 Jan 30.
Virus-infected cells trigger a robust innate immune response and facilitate virus replication. Here, we review the role of autophagy in virus infection, focusing on both pro-viral and anti-viral host responses using a select group of viruses. Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway operated at the basal level to maintain homeostasis and is induced by external stimuli for specific functions. The degradative function of autophagy is considered a cellular anti-viral immune response. However, autophagy is a double-edged sword in viral infection; viruses often benefit from it, and the infected cells can also use it to inhibit viral replication. In addition to viral regulation, autophagy pathway proteins also function in autophagy-independent manners to regulate immune responses. Since viruses have co-evolved with hosts, they have developed ways to evade the anti-viral autophagic responses of the cells. Some of these mechanisms are also covered in our review. Lastly, we conclude with the thought that autophagy can be targeted for therapeutic interventions against viral diseases.
病毒感染的细胞会引发强烈的先天性免疫反应并促进病毒复制。在此，我们综述自噬在病毒感染中的作用，重点关注使用一组特定病毒时宿主的促病毒和抗病毒反应。自噬是一种在基础水平发挥作用以维持体内平衡的细胞降解途径，并由外部刺激诱导以执行特定功能。自噬的降解功能被认为是一种细胞抗病毒免疫反应。然而，自噬在病毒感染中是一把双刃剑；病毒常常从中获益，而被感染的细胞也可利用它来抑制病毒复制。除了病毒调控外，自噬途径蛋白还以不依赖自噬的方式发挥作用来调节免疫反应。由于病毒与宿主共同进化，它们已发展出逃避细胞抗病毒自噬反应的方法。我们的综述也涵盖了其中一些机制。最后，我们得出结论，自噬可成为针对病毒性疾病进行治疗干预的靶点。
