Roager Henrik M, Christensen Lars H
Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
Proc Nutr Soc. 2022 Sep;81(3):243-254. doi: 10.1017/S0029665122000805. Epub 2022 Feb 17.
The aim of this review is to provide an overview of how person-specific interactions between diet and the gut microbiota could play a role in affecting diet-induced weight loss responses. The highly person-specific gut microbiota, which is shaped by our diet, secretes digestive enzymes and molecules that affect digestion in the colon. Therefore, weight loss responses could in part depend on personal colonic fermentation responses, which affect energy extraction of food and production of microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which exert various effects on host metabolism. Colonic fermentation is the net result of the complex interplay between availability of dietary substrates, the functional capacity of the gut microbiome and environmental (abiotic) factors in the gut such as pH and transit time. While animal studies have demonstrated that the gut microbiota can causally affect obesity, causal and mechanistic evidence from human studies is still largely lacking. However, recent human studies have proposed that the baseline gut microbiota composition may predict diet-induced weight loss-responses. In particular, individuals characterised by high relative abundance of have been found to lose more weight on diets rich in dietary fibre compared to individuals with low abundance. Although harnessing of personal diet-microbiota interactions holds promise for more personalised nutrition and obesity management strategies to improve human health, there is currently insufficient evidence to unequivocally link the gut microbiota and weight loss in human subjects. To move the field forward, a greater understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of personal diet-microbiota interactions is needed.
本综述的目的是概述饮食与肠道微生物群之间因人而异的相互作用如何在影响饮食诱导的体重减轻反应中发挥作用。高度因人而异的肠道微生物群由我们的饮食塑造，它分泌影响结肠消化的消化酶和分子。因此，体重减轻反应可能部分取决于个人的结肠发酵反应，这会影响食物的能量提取和微生物代谢产物的产生，如短链脂肪酸（SCFAs），它们对宿主代谢有多种影响。结肠发酵是饮食底物的可用性、肠道微生物群的功能能力以及肠道中的环境（非生物）因素（如pH值和转运时间）之间复杂相互作用的最终结果。虽然动物研究表明肠道微生物群可因果性地影响肥胖，但人体研究中的因果和机制证据仍然非常缺乏。然而，最近的人体研究提出，基线肠道微生物群组成可能预测饮食诱导的体重减轻反应。特别是，与低丰度个体相比，以高相对丰度为特征的个体在富含膳食纤维的饮食中体重减轻更多。尽管利用个人饮食与微生物群的相互作用有望实现更个性化的营养和肥胖管理策略以改善人类健康，但目前尚无足够证据明确将肠道微生物群与人类受试者的体重减轻联系起来。为推动该领域的发展，需要更深入地了解个人饮食与微生物群相互作用的机制基础。
