Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida, USA, 32310.
National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida, USA, 32310.
Nanoscale. 2022 Mar 24;14(12):4364-4379. doi: 10.1039/d2nr00152g.
Over the past two decades, there has been a growing body of work on wireless devices that can operate on the length scales of biological cells and even smaller. A class of these devices receiving increasing attention are referred to as bio-hybrid actuators: tools that integrate biological cells or subcellular parts with synthetic or inorganic components. These devices are commonly controlled through magnetic manipulation as magnetic fields and gradients can be generated with a high level of control. Recent work has demonstrated that magnetic bio-hybrid actuators can address common challenges in small scale fabrication, control, and localization. Additionally, it is becoming apparent that these magnetically driven bio-hybrid devices can display high efficiency and, in many cases, have the potential for self-repair and even self-replication. Combining these properties with magnetically driven forces and torques, which can be transmitted over significant distances, can be highly controlled, and are biologically safe, gives magnetic bio-hybrid actuators significant advantages over other classes of small scale actuators. In this review, we describe the theory and mechanisms required for magnetic actuation, classify bio-hybrid actuators by their diverse organic components, and discuss their current limitations. Insights into the future of coupling cells and cell-derived components with magnetic materials to fabricate multi-functional actuators are also provided.
在过去的二十年中，已经有越来越多的关于可以在生物细胞甚至更小的长度尺度上运行的无线设备的研究工作。这些设备中越来越受到关注的一类被称为生物混合致动器：将生物细胞或亚细胞部分与合成或无机部件集成在一起的工具。这些设备通常通过磁操作进行控制，因为可以高度控制磁场和梯度的产生。最近的工作表明，磁性生物混合致动器可以解决小规模制造、控制和定位中的常见挑战。此外，越来越明显的是，这些磁性驱动的生物混合设备可以显示出高效率，并且在许多情况下具有自我修复甚至自我复制的潜力。将这些特性与可以远距离传输、高度可控且生物安全的磁性驱动力和扭矩相结合，使磁性生物混合致动器具有比其他类型的小型致动器更大的优势。在这篇综述中，我们描述了磁性致动所需的理论和机制，根据其不同的有机成分对生物混合致动器进行分类，并讨论了它们当前的局限性。还提供了将细胞和细胞衍生组件与磁性材料结合以制造多功能致动器的未来展望。
