Max Planck-Cardiff Centre on the Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Catalysis (FUNCAT), Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom.
UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 OFA, U.K.
Chem Rev. 2022 Mar 23;122(6):6795-6849. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00493. Epub 2022 Mar 9.
The development and application of trimetallic nanoparticles continues to accelerate rapidly as a result of advances in materials design, synthetic control, and reaction characterization. Following the technological successes of multicomponent materials in automotive exhausts and photovoltaics, synergistic effects are now accessible through the careful preparation of multielement particles, presenting exciting opportunities in the field of catalysis. In this review, we explore the methods currently used in the design, synthesis, analysis, and application of trimetallic nanoparticles across both the experimental and computational realms and provide a critical perspective on the emergent field of trimetallic nanocatalysts. Trimetallic nanoparticles are typically supported on high-surface-area metal oxides for catalytic applications, synthesized preparative conditions that are comparable to those applied for mono- and bimetallic nanoparticles. However, controlled elemental segregation and subsequent characterization remain challenging because of the heterogeneous nature of the systems. The multielement composition exhibits beneficial synergy for important oxidation, dehydrogenation, and hydrogenation reactions; in some cases, this is realized through higher selectivity, while activity improvements are also observed. However, challenges related to identifying and harnessing influential characteristics for maximum productivity remain. Computation provides support for the experimental endeavors, for example in electrocatalysis, and a clear need is identified for the marriage of simulation, with respect to both combinatorial element screening and optimal reaction design, to experiment in order to maximize productivity from this nascent field. Clear challenges remain with respect to identifying, making, and applying trimetallic catalysts efficiently, but the foundations are now visible, and the outlook is strong for this exciting chemical field.
由于材料设计、合成控制和反应特性表征方面的进步，三元金属纳米粒子的开发和应用继续迅速发展。继多组分材料在汽车尾气和光伏中的技术成功之后，通过精心制备多元素颗粒，现在可以实现协同效应，为催化领域带来了令人兴奋的机会。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了目前在实验和计算领域设计、合成、分析和应用三元金属纳米粒子的方法，并对新兴的三元纳米催化剂领域提供了批判性的观点。三元金属纳米粒子通常负载在高表面积的金属氧化物上用于催化应用，其合成条件与单金属和双金属纳米粒子的合成条件相当。然而，由于系统的非均相性质，受控的元素分离和随后的表征仍然具有挑战性。多元素组成对重要的氧化、脱氢和加氢反应表现出有益的协同作用；在某些情况下，这是通过更高的选择性来实现的，同时也观察到了活性的提高。然而，与识别和利用最大生产力的影响特征相关的挑战仍然存在。计算为实验研究提供了支持，例如在电催化中，明确需要将模拟与组合元素筛选和最佳反应设计相结合，与实验相结合，以从这个新兴领域最大限度地提高生产力。在有效地识别、制造和应用三元催化剂方面仍然存在明显的挑战，但现在已经看到了基础，这个令人兴奋的化学领域前景广阔。
