Manokara Kunalan, Fischer Agneta, Sauter Disa
Department of Social Psychology.
Emotion. 2023 Feb;23(1):243-260. doi: 10.1037/emo0001078. Epub 2022 Mar 10.
People do not always show how they feel; norms often dictate when to display emotions and to whom. Norms about emotional expressions-known as display rules-are weaker for happiness than for negative emotions, suggesting that expressing positive emotions is generally seen as acceptable. But does it follow that all positive emotions can always be shown to everyone? To answer this question, we mapped out context-specific display rules for 8 positive emotions: and . In four studies with participants from five countries ( = 1,181), two consistent findings emerged. First, display rules differed between positive emotions. Weaker display rules were found for , , and , whereas stronger display rules were found for , and to some degree . Second, contextual features-such as expresser location and perceiver relationship-both substantially influenced display rules for positive emotions, with perceiver relationship having a greater impact on display rules than expresser location. Our findings demonstrate that some positive emotions are less acceptable to express than others and highlight the central role of context in influencing display rules even for emotions that feel good. In so doing, we provide the first map of expression norms for specific positive emotions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
人们并不总是表现出他们的感受；社会规范常常决定何时表达情感以及向谁表达。关于情感表达的规范——即所谓的表现规则——对于快乐的约束比对负面情绪的约束要弱，这表明表达积极情绪通常被认为是可以接受的。但这是否意味着所有积极情绪都能随时向所有人展现呢？为了回答这个问题，我们梳理了8种积极情绪在特定情境下的表现规则： 和 。在对来自五个国家的参与者进行的四项研究（ = 1181）中，出现了两个一致的发现。首先，不同积极情绪的表现规则有所不同。我们发现 、 和 的表现规则较弱，而 、 以及在某种程度上 的表现规则较强。其次，情境特征——如表达者的位置和感知者的关系——都对积极情绪的表现规则有显著影响，其中感知者的关系对表现规则的影响比表达者的位置更大。我们的研究结果表明，有些积极情绪比其他情绪更不宜表达，并突出了情境在影响表现规则方面的核心作用，即使是对于那些感觉良好的情绪。通过这样做，我们提供了首张特定积极情绪表达规范图谱。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2023美国心理学会，保留所有权利）
