Riddell Christopher, Nikolić Milica, Kret Mariska E
Institute of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
Dev Sci. 2025 Jul;28(4):e70024. doi: 10.1111/desc.70024.
We care about others' opinions of us and regulate our emotions to make positive impressions. This form of impression management may change during ontogeny as children become increasingly sensitive to others. To examine whether self-conscious emotions are influenced by audience presence across the lifespan, we induced embarrassment and pride in n = 71 3.5-5-year-old children, n = 71 8-10-year-old children, and n = 73 adults, either in the presence of an audience or alone. We measured nonverbal expressions of emotion, physiological arousal, and self-reported emotional experiences. All participants reported more embarrassment and blushed more while watching their singing performance in the presence of others. However, participants' pride was not contingent on audience presence and differed across age, with adults showing the most nonverbal expressions of pride. These results elucidate how social environments shape how we feel and express emotions across development.
我们在意他人对自己的看法，并调节自己的情绪以留下积极印象。随着儿童对他人越来越敏感，这种印象管理形式可能会在个体发育过程中发生变化。为了研究自我意识情绪在整个生命周期中是否受到观众在场的影响，我们让71名3.5至5岁儿童、71名8至10岁儿童和73名成年人在有观众在场或单独的情况下产生尴尬和自豪情绪。我们测量了情绪的非语言表达、生理唤醒和自我报告的情绪体验。所有参与者在他人面前观看自己的演唱表演时都报告了更多的尴尬情绪，并且脸红得更厉害。然而，参与者的自豪情绪并不取决于观众是否在场，且在不同年龄段有所不同，成年人表现出最多的自豪非语言表达。这些结果阐明了社会环境如何在整个发育过程中塑造我们感受和表达情绪的方式。
