Department of Food Market and Consumer Research, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
Nutrients. 2022 Mar 6;14(5):1109. doi: 10.3390/nu14051109.
Intuitive (IE) and mindful (ME) eating share internally focused eating, yet previous studies have shown that these concepts are not strongly correlated, which suggests that they might be differently related to food intake. The study aimed to adapt the original Intuitive (IES-2) and Mindful (MES) Eating Scales to the Polish language, to test their psychometric parameters and, further, to examine associations of IE and ME with an intake of selected food groups, i.e., healthy foods (fresh and processed vegetables, fresh fruit) and unhealthy foods (sweets, salty snacks). A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 in a group of 1000 Polish adults (500 women and 500 men) aged 18-65 (mean age = 41.3 ± 13.6 years). The factor structure was assessed with exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis as well as structural equation modeling (SEM). Measurement invariance across gender was assessed with multiple-group analysis. Internal consistency and discriminant validity of the two scales was tested. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to examine the correlation between IES-2 and MES subscales with food intake. A 4-factor, 16-item structure was confirmed for IES-2, while EFA and CFA revealed a 3-factor, 17-item structure of MES. Both scales demonstrated adequate internal consistency and discriminant validity. Full metric and partial scalar invariance were found for IES-2, while MES proved partial invariances. "Awareness" (MES) and "Body-Food Choice Congruence" (IES-2) positively correlated with intake of healthy foods and negatively with the intake of unhealthy ones. "Eating For Physical Rather Than Emotional Reasons" (IES-2) and "Act with awareness" (MES) favored lower intake of unhealthy foods, whereas "Unconditional Permission to Eat" and "Reliance on Hunger and Satiety Cues" (IES-2) showed an inverse relationship. A greater score in "Acceptance" (MES) was conducive to lower intake of all foods except sweets. The results confirmed that adapted versions of the IES-2 and MES are valid and reliable measures to assess IE and ME among Polish adults. Different IE and ME domains may similarly explain intake of healthy and unhealthy foods, yet within a single eating style, individual domains might have the opposite effect. Future studies should confirm our findings with the inclusion of mediating factors, such as other eating styles, childhood experiences, dieting, etc.
直觉（IE）和正念（ME）饮食都具有内部焦点的进食特点，但先前的研究表明，这两个概念并没有很强的相关性，这表明它们可能与食物摄入的关系不同。本研究旨在将原始的直觉（IES-2）和正念（MES）饮食量表改编为波兰语，测试其心理计量学参数，进一步探讨 IE 和 ME 与特定食物组的摄入量之间的关系，即健康食品（新鲜和加工蔬菜、新鲜水果）和不健康食品（甜食、咸点心）。2020 年，在 1000 名年龄在 18-65 岁（平均年龄=41.3±13.6 岁）的波兰成年人中进行了一项横断面研究（女性 500 名，男性 500 名）。采用探索性（EFA）和验证性（CFA）因子分析以及结构方程模型（SEM）评估因子结构。通过多组分析评估性别间的测量不变性。测试了两个量表的内部一致性和判别有效性。使用 Spearman 相关系数检验 IES-2 和 MES 分量与食物摄入量之间的相关性。IES-2 确认了 4 因子 16 项结构，EFA 和 CFA 揭示了 MES 的 3 因子 17 项结构。两个量表均表现出足够的内部一致性和判别有效性。IES-2 发现完全度量和部分标度不变性，而 MES 则证明具有部分不变性。“意识”（MES）和“身体-食物选择一致性”（IES-2）与健康食品的摄入量呈正相关，与不健康食品的摄入量呈负相关。“出于身体而非情感原因进食”（IES-2）和“有意识地行动”（MES）有利于减少不健康食品的摄入量，而“无条件进食许可”和“依赖饥饿和饱腹感线索”（IES-2）则呈反比关系。“接受”（MES）得分较高有利于降低所有食物的摄入量，除了甜食。结果证实，IES-2 和 MES 的改编版本是评估波兰成年人 IE 和 ME 的有效和可靠的测量工具。不同的 IE 和 ME 领域可能同样可以解释健康和不健康食品的摄入量，但在单一的饮食风格中，各个领域可能会产生相反的效果。未来的研究应通过纳入其他饮食方式、儿童时期的经历、节食等中介因素来确认我们的发现。
