Department of Food Market and Consumer Research, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
Nutrients. 2021 Dec 15;13(12):4486. doi: 10.3390/nu13124486.
Knowledge of associations between emotional, external, and restrained eating with food choices is still limited due to the inconsistent results of the previous research. The aim of the study was to adopt the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) and then to examine the relationship between emotional, external, and restrained eating styles and dietary patterns distinguished on the basis of intake of fruit and vegetables (fresh and processed separately), fruit and/or vegetable unsweetened juices, sweets and salty snacks, and the adequacy of fruit and vegetable intake. The cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020, in a sample of 1000 Polish adults. The questionnaire consisted of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, questions on selected food groups intake, and metrics. DEBQ structure was tested using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA, CFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM), while multi-group analysis was used to test measurement invariance. Logistic regression was applied to investigate the association between eating styles and dietary patterns, identified with the use of K-means cluster analysis. EFA, CFA and SEM revealed a three-factor, 29-item tool with satisfactory psychometric parameters. Restrained eating (ResEat) and external eating (ExtEat) were found to decrease chances of low intake of both favorable (fruit, vegetables, and unsweetened juices) and unfavorable (sweets and salty snacks) foods and increased the chances of their moderate intake. ResEat increased the probability of the high intake of favorable and moderate or high intake of unfavorable foods. ResEat and ExtEat were predisposed to adequate intake of fruit and vegetables while emotional eating had the opposite effect. Gender, education, and BMI were also found to determine food intake. Our results provide evidence that both eating styles and sociodemographic characteristics should be taken into account while explaining food intake as they may favor healthy and unhealthy eating in different ways.
由于先前研究结果不一致，人们对情绪性进食、外显性进食和约束性进食与食物选择之间的关联的了解仍然有限。本研究旨在采用荷兰饮食行为问卷（DEBQ），然后检验情绪性、外显性和约束性进食方式与基于水果和蔬菜（新鲜和加工）、水果和/或蔬菜非甜味果汁、甜食和咸点心摄入量区分的饮食模式之间的关系，以及水果和蔬菜摄入量是否充足。这项横断面研究于 2020 年在 1000 名波兰成年人样本中进行。问卷包括荷兰饮食行为问卷、关于选定食物组摄入量的问题和指标。使用探索性和验证性因子分析（EFA、CFA）和结构方程模型（SEM）测试 DEBQ 结构，同时使用多组分析测试测量不变性。应用逻辑回归研究饮食方式与通过 K 均值聚类分析确定的饮食模式之间的关联。EFA、CFA 和 SEM 揭示了具有令人满意的心理计量学参数的三因素 29 项工具。约束性进食（ResEat）和外显性进食（ExtEat）被发现降低了低摄入有利（水果、蔬菜和非甜味果汁）和不利（甜食和咸点心）食物的可能性，并增加了中等摄入的可能性。ResEat 增加了有利食物高摄入和有利或不利食物中等或高摄入的可能性。ResEat 和 ExtEat 有利于水果和蔬菜的充足摄入，而情绪性进食则有相反的效果。性别、教育程度和 BMI 也被发现决定了食物的摄入。我们的研究结果表明，在解释食物摄入时，应该考虑到这两种饮食方式以及社会人口特征，因为它们可能以不同的方式促进健康和不健康的饮食。
