Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
Vitreoretinal Surgery, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Feb 26;23(5):2591. doi: 10.3390/ijms23052591.
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous danger molecules released from the extracellular and intracellular space of damaged tissue or dead cells. Recent evidence indicates that DAMPs are associated with the sterile inflammation caused by aging, increased ocular pressure, high glucose, oxidative stress, ischemia, mechanical trauma, stress, or environmental conditions, in retinal diseases. DAMPs activate the innate immune system, suggesting their role to be protective, but may promote pathological inflammation and angiogenesis in response to the chronic insult or injury. DAMPs are recognized by specialized innate immune receptors, such as receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the NOD-like receptor family (NLRs), and purine receptor 7 (P2X7), in systemic diseases. However, studies describing the role of DAMPs in retinal disorders are meager. Here, we extensively reviewed the role of DAMPs in retinal disorders, including endophthalmitis, uveitis, glaucoma, ocular cancer, ischemic retinopathies, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and inherited retinal disorders. Finally, we discussed DAMPs as biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and therapeutic agents for retinal disorders.
损伤相关分子模式（DAMPs）是从受损组织或死亡细胞的细胞外和细胞内空间释放的内源性危险分子。最近的证据表明，DAMPs 与由衰老、眼内压升高、高血糖、氧化应激、缺血、机械创伤、应激或环境条件引起的无菌性炎症有关，在视网膜疾病中。DAMPs 激活先天免疫系统，表明其具有保护作用，但可能会促进慢性损伤或损伤后的病理性炎症和血管生成。DAMPs 被专门的先天免疫受体识别，如晚期糖基化终产物（RAGE）受体、 toll 样受体（TLRs）和 NOD 样受体家族（NLRs）以及嘌呤受体 7（P2X7），在系统性疾病中。然而，描述 DAMPs 在视网膜疾病中的作用的研究很少。在这里，我们广泛综述了 DAMPs 在视网膜疾病中的作用，包括眼内炎、葡萄膜炎、青光眼、眼癌、缺血性视网膜病变、糖尿病性视网膜病变、年龄相关性黄斑变性、孔源性视网膜脱离、增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变和遗传性视网膜疾病。最后，我们讨论了 DAMPs 作为视网膜疾病的生物标志物、治疗靶点和治疗剂的作用。
