Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Rouen Normandy, CETAPS EA3832, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France.
Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris, France.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Feb 27;19(5):2753. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19052753.
(1) Background: Uncertainty in extreme sports performance environments, such as climbing, provides considerable psycho-emotional and physiological demands, notably due to the many different environments in which climbing can be performed. This variety of environments, conditions of practice and engagement would challenge the acquisition of perceptual-motor skills; (2) Methods: To better understand how perceptual-motor skills are controlled and acquired in climbing, we proposed a narrative review anchored in the ecological dynamics theoretical framework and showed how this theoretical framework would support a nonlinear pedagogy to skill acquisition and to design safe learning and training situations that are representative of extreme performance contexts; (3) Results: We explained three theoretical pillars and we provide examples for design intervention following nonlinear pedagogy, notably (i) to set a constraint-led approach (in particular task constraint), (ii) to implement conditions of practice (constant vs. variable, imposed vs. self-controlled), (iii) to promote adaptive and creative behavioral variability during practice; (4) Conclusions: The challenge for the extreme sport practitioner is how to set up conditions of practice for efficient exploration in a manner that manages the dangers of performing in uncertain environments. Representing uncertainty within the relative safety of indoor settings may be one approach for preparing climbers for performance in extreme environments.
（1）背景：在攀岩等极限运动环境中，存在不确定性，这对运动员的心理和生理都提出了很高的要求，主要是因为攀岩可以在许多不同的环境中进行。这种多样性的环境、练习条件和参与方式将挑战运动知觉技能的习得；（2）方法：为了更好地理解在攀岩中如何控制和习得运动知觉技能，我们提出了一个以生态动力学理论框架为基础的叙述性综述，并展示了该理论框架如何支持非线性教学法，以促进技能习得，并设计安全的学习和训练环境，这些环境要能代表极限运动表现的情境；（3）结果：我们解释了三个理论支柱，并提供了遵循非线性教学法的设计干预示例，特别是（i）设定约束主导的方法（特别是任务约束），（ii）实施练习条件（恒定与变量，强制与自我控制），（iii）在练习过程中促进适应性和创造性的行为变化；（4）结论：对于极限运动从业者来说，挑战在于如何以一种管理在不确定环境中执行的危险的方式，为有效探索创造练习条件。在相对安全的室内环境中代表不确定性可能是为在极端环境中表现做准备的一种方法。
