Wachsmuth Nadine B, Aberer Felix, Haupt Sandra, Schierbauer Janis R, Zimmer Rebecca T, Eckstein Max L, Zunner Beate, Schmidt Walter, Niedrist Tobias, Sourij Harald, Moser Othmar
Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria.
Nutrients. 2022 Jan 18;14(3):423. doi: 10.3390/nu14030423.
Background: Recently, high-carbohydrate or low-carbohydrate (HC/LC) diets have gained substantial popularity, speculated to improve physical performance in athletes; however, the effects of short-term changes of the aforementioned nutritional interventions remain largely unclear. Methods: The present study investigated the impact of a three-week period of HC/low-fat (HC) diet followed by a three-week wash-out-phase and subsequent LC diet on the parameters of physical capacity assessed via cardiopulmonary exercise testing, body composition via bioimpedance analysis and blood profiles, which were assessed after each of the respective diet periods. Twenty-four physically active adults (14 females, age 25.8 ± 3.7 years, body mass index 22.1 ± 2.2 kg/m2), of which six participants served as a control group, were enrolled in the study. Results: After three weeks of each diet, VO2peak was comparable following both interventions (46.8 ± 6.7 (HC) vs. 47.2 ± 6.7 mL/kg/min (LC; p = 0.58)) while a significantly higher peak performance (251 ± 43 W (HC) vs. 240 ± 45 W (LC); (p = 0.0001), longer time to exhaustion (14.5 ± 2.4 min (HC) vs. 14.1 ± 2.4 min (LC); p = 0.002) and greater Watt/kg performance (4.1 ± 0.5 W/kg (HC) vs. 3.9 ± 0.5 W/kg (LC); p = 0.003) was demonstrated after the HC diet. In both trial arms, a significant reduction in body mass (65.2 ± 11.2 to 63.8 ± 11.8 kg (HC) vs. 64.8 ± 11.6 to 63.5 ± 11.3 kg (LC); both p < 0.0001) and fat mass (22.7% to 21.2%; (HC) vs. 22.3% to 20.6% (LC); both p < 0.0001) but not in lean body mass or skeletal muscle mass was shown when compared to baseline. Resting metabolic rate was not different within both groups (p > 0.05). Total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol significantly decreased after the HC diet (97.9 ± 33.6 mg/dL at baseline to 78.2 ± 23.5 mg/dL; p = 0.02) while triglycerides significantly increased (76 ± 38 mg/dL at baseline to 104 ± 44 mg/dL; p = 0.005). Conclusion: A short-term HC and LC diet showed improvements in various performance parameters in favor of the HC diet. Some parameters of body composition significantly changed during both diets. The HC diet led to a significant reduction in total and LDL-cholesterol while triglycerides significantly increased.
最近，高碳水化合物或低碳水化合物（HC/LC）饮食广受欢迎，据推测可提高运动员的身体表现；然而，上述营养干预短期变化的影响仍 largely 不清楚。方法：本研究调查了为期三周的 HC/低脂（HC）饮食，随后为期三周的洗脱期，以及随后的 LC 饮食对通过心肺运动测试评估的身体能力参数、通过生物电阻抗分析评估的身体成分和血液指标的影响，这些指标在各自饮食期结束后进行评估。24 名身体活跃的成年人（14 名女性，年龄 25.8±3.7 岁，体重指数 22.1±2.2kg/m²），其中 6 名参与者作为对照组，被纳入研究。结果：每种饮食三周后，两种干预后的 VO₂峰值相当（46.8±6.7（HC）对 47.2±6.7mL/kg/min（LC；p = 0.58）），而 HC 饮食后表现出显著更高的峰值功率（251±43W（HC）对 240±45W（LC）；（p = 0.0001）、更长的力竭时间（14.5±2.4 分钟（HC）对 14.1±2.4 分钟（LC）；p = 0.002）和更高的瓦特/千克功率（4.1±0.5W/kg（HC）对 3.9±0.5W/kg（LC）；p = 0.003）。在两个试验组中，与基线相比，体重（65.2±11.2 至 63.8±11.8kg（HC）对 64.8±11.6 至 63.5±11.3kg（LC）；两者 p < 0.0001）和脂肪量（22.7%至 21.2%；（HC）对 22.3%至 20.6%（LC）；两者 p < 0.0001）均显著降低，但去脂体重或骨骼肌量未降低。两组的静息代谢率无差异（p > 0.05）。HC 饮食后总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著降低（基线时 97.9±33.6mg/dL 至 78.2±[此处原文可能有误，推测为 23.5]mg/dL；p = 0.02），而甘油三酯显著升高（基线时 76±38mg/dL 至 104±44mg/dL；p = 0.005）。结论：短期的 HC 和 LC 饮食在各种表现参数上均有改善，有利于 HC 在各种表现参数上均有改善，有利于 HC 饮食。两种饮食期间身体成分的一些参数有显著变化。HC 饮食导致总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著降低，而甘油三酯显著升高。
