State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.
Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
J Appl Toxicol. 2023 Jan;43(1):32-46. doi: 10.1002/jat.4320. Epub 2022 Apr 6.
The development of nanotechnology is becoming a major trend nowadays. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used in fields including food, biomedicine, and cosmetics, endowing NPs more opportunities to enter the human body. It is well-known that the gut microbiome plays a key role in human health, and the exposure of intestines to NPs is unavoidable. Accordingly, the toxicity of NPs has attracted more attention than before. This review mainly highlights recent advances in the evaluation of NPs' toxicity in the gastrointestinal system from the existing cell-based experimental models, such as the original mono-culture models, co-culture models, three-dimensional (3D) culture models, and the models established on microfluidic chips, to those in vivo experiments, such as mice models, Caenorhabditis elegans models, zebrafish models, human volunteers, as well as computer-simulated toxicity models. Owing to these models, especially those more biomimetic models, the outcome of the toxicity of NPs acting in the gastrointestinal tract can get results closer to what happened inside the real human microenvironment.
纳米技术的发展如今正成为一个主要趋势。纳米粒子（NPs）已广泛应用于食品、生物医药和化妆品等领域，这使得 NPs 有更多机会进入人体。众所周知，肠道微生物组在人类健康中起着关键作用，而肠道接触 NPs 是不可避免的。因此，NPs 的毒性比以前受到了更多的关注。本综述主要从现有的基于细胞的实验模型，如原始的单一培养模型、共培养模型、三维（3D）培养模型和微流控芯片上建立的模型，到体内实验，如小鼠模型、秀丽隐杆线虫模型、斑马鱼模型、人类志愿者以及计算机模拟毒性模型，强调了 NPs 在胃肠道系统中的毒性评估的最新进展。由于有了这些模型，特别是那些更仿生的模型，NPs 在胃肠道中作用的毒性结果更接近真实的人类微环境中的情况。
