Division for Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
Division for Food Technology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
Eur J Nutr. 2022 Sep;61(6):2939-2951. doi: 10.1007/s00394-022-02826-x. Epub 2022 Mar 21.
We assessed the effect of the current iodine fortification level (20 µg/g household salt and salt included in bread and bakery products) on inadequate and excessive intake in the general Danish population. Intake models with/without the contribution from food supplements and effects of excluding specific food groups were evaluated.
Data from the Danish National Survey of Dietary Habits and Physical Activity in 2011-13 (N = 3946, aged 4-75 years) stratified by age-group and sex were used to estimate habitual dietary iodine intakes, and compared with established dietary reference values.
The proportion with an estimated inadequate iodine intake was ≤ 3% for males and ≤ 5% for females, except for 15-17-year-old girls, where the probable prevalence of an inadequate intake was 11%. Including the contribution from food supplements gave similar results (10%). High intakes (as defined by 95th percentile) from food sources generally did not exceed the tolerable upper intake level (UL). However, for the youngest age-groups (4-6-year-old boys/girls and 7-10-year-old boys), the 95th percentiles exceeded the UL with 11%, 4% and 7%, respectively, when food supplements were included in the estimates. Especially exclusion of dairy products and bread led to an inadequate intake for both boys and girls.
The current fortification level may provide an inadequate iodine intake for some females and on the other hand lead to excessive intakes in the youngest age-groups. The study shows the importance of choosing iodine-rich alternatives when excluding major sources of iodine in the Danish diet.
我们评估了当前碘强化水平（家庭食盐 20μg/g 以及面包和烘焙产品中包含的盐）对丹麦普通人群碘摄入不足和过量的影响。评估了包含/不包含膳食补充剂以及排除特定食物组的影响的摄入模型。
使用 2011-2013 年丹麦全国饮食和体力活动调查（N=3946 人，年龄 4-75 岁，按年龄组和性别分层）的数据来估计习惯性碘饮食摄入量，并与既定的膳食参考值进行比较。
对于男性，估计碘摄入不足的比例为 ≤3%，对于女性，估计碘摄入不足的比例为 ≤5%，但 15-17 岁的少女除外，她们碘摄入不足的可能患病率为 11%。包含膳食补充剂的贡献得到了类似的结果（10%）。来自食物的高摄入量（根据第 95 百分位数定义）通常不会超过可耐受的最高摄入量（UL）。然而，对于年龄最小的年龄组（4-6 岁的男孩/女孩和 7-10 岁的男孩），当包括膳食补充剂的估计时，第 95 百分位数分别为 11%、4%和 7%，超过了 UL。特别是当排除乳制品和面包时，男孩和女孩的碘摄入量都不足。
目前的强化水平可能会导致一些女性碘摄入不足，另一方面会导致年龄最小的年龄组碘摄入过量。该研究表明，在丹麦饮食中排除主要碘源时，选择富含碘的替代品的重要性。
