Centre for Health Economics & Policy Innovation, Department of Economics & Public Policy, Imperial College London - Business School, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; "Carlo F. Dondena" Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policies, Bocconi University, Via G. Roentgen, 1, 20136, Milano, Italy.
"Carlo F. Dondena" Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policies, Bocconi University, Via G. Roentgen, 1, 20136, Milano, Italy.
Soc Sci Med. 2022 May;301:114906. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114906. Epub 2022 Mar 14.
This study assesses how the implementation and lifting of non-pharmaceutical policy interventions (NPIs), deployed by most governments, to curb the COVID-19 pandemic, were associated with individuals' mental well-being (MWB) across 28 European countries. This is done both for the general population and across key-groups. We analyze longitudinal data for 15,147 respondents from three waves of the Eurofound-"Living, Working and COVID-19" survey, covering the period April 2020-March 2021. MWB is measured by the WHO-5 index. Our evidence suggests that restriction on international travel, private gatherings, and contact tracing (workplace closures) were negatively (positively) associated with MWB by about, respectively, -0.63 [95% CI: -0.79 to -0.47], -0.24 [95% CI: -0.38 to -0.10], and -0.22 [95% CI: -0.36 to -0.08] (0.29 [95% CI: 0.11 to 0.48]) points. These results correspond to -3.9%, -1.5%, and -1.4% (+1.8%) changes compared to pre-pandemic levels. However, these findings mask important group-differences. Women compared to men fared worse under stay-at-home requirements, internal movement restrictions, private gatherings restrictions, public events cancellation, school closures, and workplace closures. Those residing with children below 12, compared to those who do not, fared worse under public events cancellation, school closures and workplace closures. Conversely, those living with children 12-17, compared to those who do not, fared better under internal movement restrictions and public events cancelling. Western-Europeans vis-à-vis Eastern-Europeans fared better under NPIs limiting their mobility and easing their debts, whereas they fared worse under health-related NPIs. This study provides timely evidence of the rise in inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic and offers strategies for mitigating them.
本研究评估了大多数政府实施和取消非药物干预措施（NPIs）以遏制 COVID-19 大流行的情况，这些措施如何与 28 个欧洲国家的个人心理健康（MWB）相关。这是针对普通人群和关键人群进行的。我们分析了来自欧洲基金会“生活、工作和 COVID-19”调查三个波次的 15147 名受访者的纵向数据，涵盖了 2020 年 4 月至 2021 年 3 月的时间段。MWB 通过世界卫生组织的 5 项指数进行衡量。我们的证据表明，国际旅行、私人聚会和接触者追踪（工作场所关闭）的限制与 MWB 呈负相关（正相关），分别为-0.63 [95%CI：-0.79 至-0.47]、-0.24 [95%CI：-0.38 至-0.10]和-0.22 [95%CI：-0.36 至-0.08]（0.29 [95%CI：0.11 至 0.48]）点。与大流行前的水平相比，这些结果分别对应-3.9%、-1.5%和-1.4%（+1.8%）的变化。然而，这些发现掩盖了重要的群体差异。与男性相比，女性在居家要求、内部流动限制、私人聚会限制、公共活动取消、学校关闭和工作场所关闭方面的情况更糟。与没有孩子的人相比，与 12 岁以下孩子一起居住的人在公共活动取消、学校关闭和工作场所关闭方面的情况更糟。相反，与没有孩子的人相比，与 12-17 岁孩子一起居住的人在内部流动限制和公共活动取消方面的情况更好。与东欧人相比，西欧人在限制其流动性和减轻债务的 NPI 方面表现更好，而在与健康相关的 NPI 方面表现更差。本研究提供了 COVID-19 大流行期间不平等加剧的及时证据，并提供了缓解这些不平等的策略。
