Scheier Lawrence M, Shigeto Aya
LARS Research Institute, Inc, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
Senior Research Scientist, Prevention Strategies, Greensboro, NC, USA.
Addict Behav Rep. 2022 Mar 16;15:100420. doi: 10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100420. eCollection 2022 Jun.
Frequently, developmental cascade models are used to examine causal linkages between early family risk and substance use etiology. When framed with longitudinal data, cascade models contribute to understanding developmental etiology by parsing stability from change in multiple domains of influence. This systematic review examines the research methods used in cascade studies of substance use etiology.
A systematic literature review involved four electronic literature databases (i.e., PsycINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science). Specific terms referenced substance use etiology and developmental cascade effects. Inclusion requirements included cross-domain effects and repeated measures. Studies were eliminated based on including interventions or growth modeling that failed to differentiate time-specific effects. A risk assessment indicated adequate inter-rater reliability for the 18 studies included.
Conceptually, there was little evidence supporting hypothesized cascade effects that involved cross-domain risk mechanisms linking early parental socialization with later substance use. Methodologically, studies were characterized by modest sample sizes, lack of power, and relatively small effect sizes (ESavg. = 0.05 [SD = 0.046], range 0.003 - 0.19). Only half of the studies conducted formal statistical tests of indirect effects linking early socialization with later substance use.
This review highlights there is very little evidence for developmental cascade effects involving early parental socialization and substance use etiology. Methodological and conceptual limitations may hamper detection of developmental cascade effects and further undermine our understanding of substance use etiology. Future studies may want to follow larger samples, over extended time frames and specify intermediate mechanism that contribute to vulnerability.
发育级联模型经常被用于检验早期家庭风险与物质使用病因之间的因果联系。当结合纵向数据构建模型时，级联模型通过解析多个影响领域中稳定性与变化情况，有助于理解发育病因。本系统评价考察了物质使用病因级联研究中所使用的研究方法。
一项系统文献综述涉及四个电子文献数据库（即心理学文摘数据库、医学索引数据库、荷兰医学文摘数据库、科学引文索引数据库）。特定术语涉及物质使用病因和发育级联效应。纳入要求包括跨领域效应和重复测量。若研究包含未能区分特定时间效应的干预措施或增长模型，则予以排除。一项风险评估表明纳入的18项研究具有足够的评分者间信度。
从概念上讲，几乎没有证据支持涉及将早期父母社会化与后期物质使用联系起来的跨领域风险机制的假设级联效应。在方法上，这些研究的特点是样本量适中、效能不足且效应量相对较小（平均效应量=0.05[标准差=0.046]，范围0.003 - 0.19）。只有一半的研究对将早期社会化与后期物质使用联系起来的间接效应进行了正式的统计检验。
本综述强调，几乎没有证据支持涉及早期父母社会化和物质使用病因的发育级联效应。方法学和概念上的局限性可能会妨碍对发育级联效应的检测，并进一步削弱我们对物质使用病因的理解。未来的研究可能需要追踪更大的样本、更长的时间框架，并明确导致易感性的中间机制。
