In vitro plant tissue culture as the fifth generation of bioenergy.

Developing and applying a novel and sustainable energy crop is essential to reach an efficient and economically feasible technology for bioenergy production. In this study, plant tissue culture, also referred to as in vitro culture, is introduced as one of the most promising and environmentally friendly methods for the sustainable supply of biofuels. The current study investigates the potential of in vitro -grown industrial hemp calli obtained from leaf, root, and stem explants as a new generation of energy crop. For this purpose, the in vitro grown explants were first fully characterized in terms of elemental and chemical composition. Secondly, HTL experiments were designed by Design Expert 11 with a particular focus on biocrude. Finally, the chemical components, functional groups, and petroleum-like hydrocarbons present in the biocrude were identified by PY-GCMS. A 22.61 wt.% biocrude was produced for the sample grown through callogenesis of the leaf (CL). The obtained biocrude for CL consisted of 19.55% acids, 0.42% N compounds, 15.44% ketones, 16.03% aldehydes, 2.21% furans, 20.01% aromatics, 5.2% alcohols, and 19.88% hydrocarbons. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report that in vitro -grown biomass is hydrothermally liquefied toward biocrude production; the current work paves the way for integrating plant tissue culture and thermochemical processes for the generation of biofuels and value-added chemicals.