Showler Allan T, Saelao Perot
Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA.
Insects. 2022 Mar 18;13(3):302. doi: 10.3390/insects13030302.
Ixodids (hard ticks), ectoparasitic arthropods that vector the causal agents of many serious diseases of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife, have become increasingly difficult to control because of the development of resistance against commonly applied synthetic chemical-based acaricides. Resistance has prompted searches for alternative, nonconventional control tactics that can be used as part of integrated ixodid management strategies and for mitigating resistance to conventional acaricides. The quest for alternative control tactics has involved research on various techniques, each influenced by many factors, that have achieved different degrees of success. Alternative approaches include cultural practices, ingested and injected medications, biological control, animal- and plant-based substances, growth regulators, and inert desiccant dusts. Research on biological control of ixodids has mainly focused on predators, parasitoid wasps, infective nematodes, and pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Studies on animal-based substances have been relatively limited, but research on botanicals has been extensive, including whole plant, extract, and essential oil effects on ixodid mortality, behavior, and reproduction. The inert dusts kaolin, silica gel, perlite, and diatomaceous earth are lethal to ixodids, and they are impervious to environmental degradation, unlike chemical-based toxins, remaining effective until physically removed.
硬蜱（蜱科）是体外寄生节肢动物，可传播人类、家畜和野生动物多种严重疾病的病原体。由于对常用的合成化学杀螨剂产生了抗性，硬蜱变得越来越难以控制。抗性促使人们寻找替代性的、非常规的控制策略，这些策略可作为硬蜱综合管理策略的一部分，并用于减轻对传统杀螨剂的抗性。对替代性控制策略的探索涉及对各种技术的研究，每种技术都受到许多因素的影响，并且取得了不同程度的成功。替代方法包括文化措施、摄入和注射药物、生物防治、基于动植物的物质、生长调节剂和惰性干燥剂粉尘。对硬蜱生物防治的研究主要集中在捕食者、寄生蜂、感染性线虫以及致病细菌和真菌上。对基于动物的物质的研究相对有限，但对植物提取物的研究却很广泛，包括全株植物、提取物和精油对硬蜱死亡率、行为和繁殖的影响。惰性粉尘高岭土、硅胶、珍珠岩和硅藻土对硬蜱具有致死性，并且它们不像基于化学的毒素那样容易受到环境降解的影响，在物理清除之前一直有效。
