Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China.
Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University of Security Sciences, Riyadh 11452, Saudi Arabia.
Genes (Basel). 2022 Mar 17;13(3):532. doi: 10.3390/genes13030532.
Gypsies are a separate ethnic group living in Pakistan and some other countries as well. They are mostly known as 'Roma' and 'untouchables'. They have different types of lifestyles as compared to other common people, as they always keep migrating from one place to another. They do not have proper houses; they live in tent houses and most probably work on daily wages to earn their living. Gypsies cannot be specified according to the place of residence and can only be classified according to their migration route. Previous historical and linguistic research showed the north Indian origin of Roma people. The present study collected 285 unrelated Roma individuals living in Punjab and typed with the Goldeneye Y20 system. Allelic frequencies ranged between 0.0035 and 0.5266, with haplotype diversity (HD) of 0.9999 and discrimination capacity (DC) of 0.8790. Gene diversity (GD) ranged from 0.6489 (DYS391) to 0.9764 (DYS391) (DY385ab). A total of 223 unique alleles were observed. Interestingly, the haplogroup R accounted for 40.56% and J for 22.06%. In MDS analysis, Pakistani Roma formed a close cluster with Roma from Constanta, Romania. The migration pattern of the Roma population from Pakistan, India and Europe was inferred using coalescence theory in the Migrate-n program. Overlapping Y-STR data were used to test different migration models. These migration models showed us the dominant gene flow from Pakistan to India and Europe to Pakistan. The results of our study showed that Y STRs provided substantially stronger discriminatory power in the Pakistani Roma population.
吉普赛人是生活在巴基斯坦和其他一些国家的一个独立族群。他们通常被称为“罗姆人”和“贱民”。与其他普通人相比，他们的生活方式有很大的不同，因为他们总是从一个地方迁移到另一个地方。他们没有合适的房子，住在帐篷里，最有可能靠打零工为生。吉普赛人不能根据居住地来确定，只能根据他们的迁徙路线来分类。以前的历史和语言研究表明，罗姆人的原籍是印度北部。本研究收集了居住在旁遮普邦的 285 名无关罗姆人个体，并使用 Goldeneye Y20 系统进行了分型。等位基因频率在 0.0035 到 0.5266 之间，单倍型多样性（HD）为 0.9999，鉴别能力（DC）为 0.8790。基因多样性（GD）范围从 0.6489（DYS391）到 0.9764（DYS391）（DY385ab）。共观察到 223 个独特等位基因。有趣的是，单倍群 R 占 40.56%，J 占 22.06%。在 MDS 分析中，巴基斯坦的罗姆人形成了一个与罗马尼亚康斯坦察的罗姆人紧密聚类。使用 Migrate-n 程序中的合并理论推断了来自巴基斯坦、印度和欧洲的罗姆人种群的迁徙模式。重叠的 Y-STR 数据用于测试不同的迁徙模型。这些迁徙模型向我们展示了从巴基斯坦到印度和欧洲再到巴基斯坦的主要基因流。我们的研究结果表明，Y-STR 为巴基斯坦罗姆人提供了更强的鉴别力。
