Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Mar 9;19(6):3205. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19063205.
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy may be regarded as a new pandemic hindering the elimination of or coping with COVID-19. This study assessed reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy using the I-Change Model (ICM) by considering the role of informational and psychosocial factors. A cross-sectional online survey using a convenience sample was conducted among Dutch adults ( = 240). The questionnaire assessed information factors, predisposing factors, awareness factors, motivational factors, preparatory actions, and vaccination intention. Vaccine hesitant participants ( = 58, 24%) had lower levels of education, more often paid work, and tended to have a religion other than Catholicism. They used written media less often and tended to visit websites of public health organizations less often, but used messaging services like WhatsApp more frequently. All participants had neutral intentions towards checking information credibility. Vaccine hesitant respondents had less knowledge about vaccination, lower perceived severity of getting sick and dying of COVID-19, and reported fewer exposures to cues about the advantages of COVID-19 vaccination. They were less convinced of the emotional and rational advantages of COVID-19 vaccination and expressed more negative feelings about it. They also reported more negative social norms concerning COVID-19 vaccination, and lower self-efficacy to get vaccinated and to cope with potential side-effects. The regression model explained 58% of the variance in vaccination intention. The results suggest that strategies are needed to: 1. Reduce fake news and stimulate information checking to foster well-informed decision-making; 2. Target both rational and emotional consequences of COVID-19, in addition to strategies for optimizing levels of knowledge. Campaigns should acknowledge the perceptions of the emotional disadvantages and increase perceptions of emotional advantages of COVID-19 vaccinations, such as reducing feelings of regret, and increasing feelings of freedom and reassurance.
COVID-19 疫苗犹豫可能被视为阻碍 COVID-19 消除或应对的新大流行。本研究通过考虑信息和心理社会因素的作用，使用 I-Change 模型 (ICM) 评估 COVID-19 疫苗犹豫的原因。使用便利样本对荷兰成年人进行了横断面在线调查（=240）。问卷评估了信息因素、诱发因素、意识因素、动机因素、预备行动和疫苗接种意向。疫苗犹豫的参与者（=58，24%）受教育程度较低，更多从事有薪工作，且倾向于信奉天主教以外的宗教。他们较少使用书面媒体，倾向于较少访问公共卫生组织的网站，但更多地使用 WhatsApp 等消息服务。所有参与者对检查信息可信度的意向均为中立。疫苗犹豫的受访者对疫苗接种的了解较少，对感染 COVID-19 生病和死亡的严重程度的认识较低，对 COVID-19 疫苗接种好处的提示的接触较少。他们对 COVID-19 疫苗接种的情感和理性好处的认可度较低，对其表达了更多的负面情绪。他们还报告了更多关于 COVID-19 疫苗接种的负面社会规范，以及接种疫苗和应对潜在副作用的自我效能感较低。回归模型解释了疫苗接种意向 58%的方差。结果表明，需要采取以下策略：1. 减少虚假新闻，鼓励信息检查，以促进明智决策；2. 除了优化知识水平的策略外，还需要针对 COVID-19 的理性和情感后果。运动应该承认对情感劣势的看法，并增加对 COVID-19 疫苗接种的情感优势的看法，例如减少后悔的感觉，增加自由和安心的感觉。
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