ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
Institute of Health Carlos III, CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, CB12/03/30038), E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
Nutrients. 2022 Mar 16;14(6):1265. doi: 10.3390/nu14061265.
Eating out of home (EOH) is a common practice worldwide but research gaps have been identified. The aims of this review were (a) to find a common definition for EOH, (b) to determine the nutritional contribution of EOH, and (c) to analyze the relationship of EOH with health parameters in adults. Fifty-seven articles were finally selected. The definition of EOH was not harmonized between researchers and the comparison between studies was quite difficult. Restaurant and fast food were the terms most used, followed by chain restaurant, à la carte, sit-down restaurant, eating at table, full service, ready to eat, takeaway, buffet and buffet by weight, bar, cafes, and cafeterias, either alone or attached to at least one of the above. The profile of the main EOH participant was a highly educated, high-income, and unmarried young man. EOH was related to a body mass index (BMI) or being overweight in a different way depending on age, sex, or EOH frequency. A high rate of EOH led to poorer diet quality, characterized by higher intakes of energy, total and saturated fats, sugar, and sodium, as well as lower intakes of fiber, dairy, fruit, vegetables, and micronutrients. Regarding beverages, a higher intake of soft drinks, sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juices, beer, and other alcohol was observed when EOH. There is a need for a methodological consensus for analyzing the impact of EOH on dietary intake and health to avoid bias. Additionally, measures and policies should be utilized to help consumers to make healthier choices when EOH is compatible with business regarding those running EOH establishments.
外出就餐（EOH）在全球范围内很常见，但研究仍存在空白。本综述的目的是：（a）找到 EOH 的通用定义；（b）确定 EOH 的营养贡献；（c）分析成年人 EOH 与健康参数的关系。最终选择了 57 篇文章。EOH 的定义在研究人员之间并未达成一致，因此很难进行研究间的比较。餐馆和快餐店是最常用的术语，其次是连锁餐厅、点菜、坐式餐厅、在餐桌旁就餐、全方位服务、即食、外卖、自助餐和称重自助餐、酒吧、咖啡馆和自助餐厅，这些术语单独使用或与上述术语中的至少一个结合使用。主要 EOH 参与者的特征是受教育程度高、高收入和未婚的年轻人。EOH 与 BMI 或超重的关系因年龄、性别或 EOH 频率而异。高频率的 EOH 会导致较差的饮食质量，表现为能量、总脂肪和饱和脂肪、糖和钠的摄入量较高，而纤维、乳制品、水果、蔬菜和微量营养素的摄入量较低。就饮料而言，当 EOH 时，软饮料、含糖饮料、果汁、啤酒和其他酒精饮料的摄入量较高。需要在分析 EOH 对饮食摄入和健康的影响方面达成方法学共识，以避免偏见。此外，应该采取措施和政策，帮助消费者在 EOH 与企业兼容的情况下，做出更健康的选择。
