Meyer Emma, Allès Benjamin, Berlivet Justine, Péneau Sandrine, Bellicha Alice, Touvier Mathilde, Langevin Brigitte, Pointereau Philippe, Lairon Denis, Hercberg Serge, Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle, Baudry Julia
Center of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, CNAM, Bobigny, F-93017, France.
Solagro, 75 Voie TOEC, Toulouse Cedex 3, F-31076, France.
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2025 May 26;22(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s12966-025-01752-5.
The out-of-home (OOH) food sector holds the potential to promote healthier and more sustainable diets on a large scale given the high number of people eating OOH regularly. However, information about socioeconomic and dietary characteristics of OOH eaters is limited. This study aimed to identify a typology of OOH consumers by frequency and type of meal consumed OOH and their associated sociodemographic, lifestyle, nutritional, and environmental characteristics.
Based on a sub-sample of adults of the French NutriNet-Santé cohort who completed a food frequency questionnaire and a questionnaire on OOH consumption habits in 2014 (n = 29,140, mean age: 53.6 (SD = 14.0) years, 74.3% women), we conducted a Multiple Factor Analysis followed by a clustering procedure. AN(C)OVA models were then used to examine the associations between the identified clusters and socio-demographic, lifestyle, and diet-related characteristics (using dietary scores and environmental indicators including greenhouse gas emissions, land use and energy consumption).
We identified five clusters based on their OOH consumption patterns: Weekday-only eaters (19%), Frequent weekday and weekend eaters (24%), Organic eaters (6%), Weekend and evening eaters (19%), and Home-only eaters (32%). Weekday-only eaters were younger, more likely to be professionally active and to have children at home than the other groups. Frequent weekday and weekend eaters, with the highest OOH consumption, had the lowest dietary quality and the highest diet-related environmental impacts and consisted mostly of younger women with higher socioeconomic status. Organic eaters, often living in urban areas and following specific diets such as vegan or vegetarian ones, had the best dietary quality and the lowest diet-related environmental impacts. Weekend and evening eaters and Home-only eaters had a higher proportion of retired individuals, with Weekend and evening eaters also showing a greater proportion of high-income individuals.
Our findings indicate a lower dietary quality and higher dietary environmental impacts among frequent OOH eaters, whereas those with higher organic consumption showed opposite trends. This study contributes to the understanding of different OOH consumer characteristics and could provide a basis for further research in the field.
The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03335644).
鉴于经常在户外就餐的人数众多，户外食品行业有潜力在大规模上促进更健康、更可持续的饮食。然而，关于户外就餐者的社会经济和饮食特征的信息有限。本研究旨在根据户外就餐的频率和类型以及他们相关的社会人口统计学、生活方式、营养和环境特征，确定户外消费者的类型。
基于法国NutriNet-Santé队列中完成了食物频率问卷和2014年户外消费习惯问卷的成年人子样本（n = 29140，平均年龄：53.6（标准差 = 14.0）岁，74.3%为女性），我们进行了多因素分析，随后进行聚类程序。然后使用AN(C)OVA模型来检验所确定的聚类与社会人口统计学、生活方式和饮食相关特征之间的关联（使用饮食得分和包括温室气体排放、土地利用和能源消耗在内的环境指标）。
根据户外消费模式，我们确定了五个聚类：仅工作日就餐者（19%）、工作日和周末频繁就餐者（24%）、有机食品就餐者（6%）、周末和晚餐就餐者（19%）以及仅在家就餐者（32%）。仅工作日就餐者比其他群体更年轻，更有可能职业活跃且家中有孩子。工作日和周末频繁就餐者的户外消费最高，饮食质量最低，与饮食相关的环境影响最大，主要由社会经济地位较高的年轻女性组成。有机食品就餐者通常居住在城市地区，遵循素食或纯素食等特定饮食，饮食质量最佳，与饮食相关的环境影响最小。周末和晚餐就餐者以及仅在家就餐者中退休人员的比例较高，周末和晚餐就餐者中高收入个体的比例也更高。
我们的研究结果表明，频繁户外就餐者的饮食质量较低，饮食对环境的影响较大，而有机食品消费较高的人则呈现相反趋势。本研究有助于理解不同的户外消费者特征，并可为该领域的进一步研究提供基础。
该研究在ClinicalTrials.gov（NCT03335644）注册。
