Naeem Muhammad, Farooq Shahid, Hussain Mubshar
Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, Şanlıurfa 63250, Turkey.
Plants (Basel). 2022 Mar 8;11(6):718. doi: 10.3390/plants11060718.
Weeds are among the major issues responsible for reduction in yield and profit in any crop production system. Herbicides are the easiest and quickest solution of weeds; however, their frequent use exert negative consequences on environment, human health, and results in the evolution of herbicide-resistant weed species. Due to these reasons, alternative weed management methods that are less harmful to environment and human health are needed. This two-year study evaluated the impact of different weed management options, i.e., false seedbed (FS), allelopathic water extracts (AWE), chemical control (CC), weed-free (WF) weedy-check (WC) on weed spectrum in various barley-based cropping systems, i.e., fallow-barley (FB), maize-barley (MB), cotton-barley (CB), mungbean-barley (MB), and sorghum-barley (SB). Data relating to density, diversity, and biomass production of weed species prevailing in the studied cropping systems were recorded. Interactive effect of weed management methods and barley-based cropping systems significantly altered weed diversity, and densities of individual, broadleaved, and grassy weeds. A total 13 weed species (ten broadleaved and three grass) were recorded during both years of study. The highest dry biomass, diversity, and density of individual, broadleaved, and grassy weeds were noted in WC treatment, whereas WF treatment resulted in the lowest values of these traits. Chemical control resulted in the highest suppression of weed flora and improved dry biomass production of barley followed by AWE. The SB cropping system with CC or AWE resulted in the least weed flora. The MB cropping system with CC or AWE produced the highest dry biomass of barley. It is concluded that including sorghum crop in rotation and applying AWE could suppress weeds comparable to herbicides. Similarly, including mungbean in rotation and applying AWE could increase dry biomass production of barley. In conclusion, herbicides can be replaced with an eco-friendly approach, i.e., allelopathy and inclusion of sorghum crop could be helpful in suppressing weed flora.
杂草是导致任何作物生产系统产量和利润下降的主要问题之一。除草剂是控制杂草最简单、最快捷的方法；然而，频繁使用除草剂会对环境、人类健康产生负面影响，并导致抗除草剂杂草物种的进化。由于这些原因，需要采用对环境和人类健康危害较小的替代杂草管理方法。这项为期两年的研究评估了不同杂草管理措施，即苗床处理（FS）、化感水提取物（AWE）、化学防治（CC）、无杂草（WF）和杂草对照（WC）对各种大麦种植系统，即休闲-大麦（FB）、玉米-大麦（MB）、棉花-大麦（CB）、绿豆-大麦（MB）和高粱-大麦（SB）杂草谱的影响。记录了所研究种植系统中杂草物种的密度、多样性和生物量生产数据。杂草管理方法与大麦种植系统的交互作用显著改变了杂草多样性以及单株杂草、阔叶杂草和禾本科杂草的密度。在两年的研究期间共记录到13种杂草（10种阔叶杂草和3种禾本科杂草）。WC处理下单株杂草、阔叶杂草和禾本科杂草的干生物量、多样性和密度最高，而WF处理下这些性状的值最低。化学防治对杂草群落的抑制作用最强，其次是AWE，二者均提高了大麦的干生物量产量。采用CC或AWE处理的SB种植系统杂草群落最少。采用CC或AWE处理的MB种植系统大麦干生物量最高。研究得出结论，轮作中种植高粱并施用AWE可以达到与除草剂相当的杂草抑制效果。同样，轮作中种植绿豆并施用AWE可以提高大麦的干生物量产量。总之，除草剂可以被一种生态友好的方法所取代，即化感作用和种植高粱有助于抑制杂草群落。
