Low-temperature straw biochar: Sustainable approach for sustaining higher survival of B. megaterium and managing phosphorus deficiency in the soil.

Inoculation of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) is a sustainable approach to increase the available P content in soils for crop production. This application, however, is constrained by the low survival rate of PSB in the field. Biochar, a carbon-rich biomaterial with a well-developed porous structure, has recently emerged as an appealing option to maintain the population size of inoculants in the soil. The efficacy of biochar as a PSB carrier is primarily determined by its physicochemical properties, which are dominated by the feedstocks and the pyrolysis temperatures. This study demonstrated a comprehensive assessment of the efficacy of straw-derived biochars prepared from different feedstocks (i.e., crop straws from cotton, peanut, maize, soybean, and wheat) and pyrolysis temperatures (i.e., 300 and 600 °C). We employed B. megaterium carrying green fluorescence protein and evaluated its survival rate and phosphate-solubilizing performance in various inoculated biochars that have distinct physicochemical properties. Our results showed that the pyrolysis temperature is more determinant of the beneficial effect of straw biochar than the feedstock species. Cotton straw biochar pyrolyzed at low temperature (i.e., 300 °C) sustained a survival rate of 6.17% for the B. megaterium and thereby entailed a significant increase in available P in soil by 30.05 mg kg soil, which were nearly 18-fold and 8-fold higher than that of the no carrier treatment respectively. The performance of biochar-assisted PSB was dominant-negatively affected by the increasing pH, ash content, surface area, and total pore volume of biochar, while larger H/C ratio, water holding capacity, pore size, and surface hydrophobicity were predominantly conducive to the colonization and survival of PSB. The results of this study were expected to provide valuable guidance for biochar preparation in practice to enhance the survival and activity of PSB and maximize the utility of PSB as sustainable phosphorus fertilizer with economic applicability.