Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India.
Department of Chemistry, Government Naveen College Tokapal, Bastar, Chhattisgarh 494442, India.
ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2022 Apr 18;5(4):1391-1463. doi: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00014. Epub 2022 Mar 31.
The substantial increase in multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria is a major threat to global health. Recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported possibilities of greater deaths due to bacterial infections than cancer. Nanomaterials, especially small-sized (size ≤10 nm) silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), can be employed to combat these deadly bacterial diseases. However, high reactivity, instability, susceptibility to fast oxidation, and cytotoxicity remain crucial shortcomings for their uptake and clinical application. In this review, we discuss various AgNPs-based approaches to eradicate bacterial infections and provide comprehensive mechanistic insights and recent advances in antibacterial activity, antibiofilm activity, and cytotoxicity (both and ) of AgNPs. The mechanistic of antimicrobial activity involves four steps: (i) adhesion of AgNPs to cell wall/membrane and its disruption; (ii) intracellular penetration and damage; (iii) oxidative stress; and (iv) modulation of signal transduction pathways. Numerous factors affecting the bactericidal activity of AgNPs such as shape, size, crystallinity, pH, and surface coating/charge have also been described in detail. The review also sheds light on antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and the role of AgNPs versus Ag ions release in bactericidal activities. In addition, different methods of synthesis of AgNPs have been discussed in brief.
多药耐药（MDR）病原菌的大量增加是对全球健康的主要威胁。最近，疾病控制与预防中心报告称，因细菌感染而死亡的人数可能超过癌症。纳米材料，特别是小尺寸（尺寸≤10nm）的银纳米颗粒（AgNPs），可用于对抗这些致命的细菌疾病。然而，高反应性、不稳定性、易快速氧化和细胞毒性仍然是其吸收和临床应用的关键缺点。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了基于各种 AgNPs 的方法来消除细菌感染，并提供了有关抗菌活性、抗生物膜活性和 AgNPs 的细胞毒性（包括 和 ）的综合机制见解和最新进展。抗菌活性的机制涉及四个步骤：（i）AgNPs 与细胞壁/膜的粘附及其破坏；（ii）细胞内渗透和损伤；（iii）氧化应激；和（iv）信号转导途径的调节。还详细描述了影响 AgNPs 杀菌活性的许多因素，如形状、尺寸、结晶度、pH 值和表面涂层/电荷。该综述还介绍了光动力抗菌疗法以及 AgNPs 与 Ag 离子释放在杀菌活性中的作用。此外，还简要讨论了 AgNPs 的不同合成方法。
