Cannizzaro Delia, Zaed Ismail, Safa Adrian, Jelmoni Alice J M, Composto Antonio, Bisoglio Andrea, Schmeizer Kyra, Becker Ana C, Pizzi Andrea, Cardia Andrea, Servadei Franco
Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.
Front Surg. 2022 Mar 11;9:864792. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.864792. eCollection 2022.
BACKGROUND: The use of augmented reality (AR) is growing in medical education, in particular, in radiology and surgery. AR has the potential to become a strategic component of neurosurgical training courses. In fact, over the years, there has been a progressive increase in the application of AR in the various fields of neurosurgery. In this study, the authors aim to define the diffusion of these augmented reality systems in recent years. This study describes future trends in augmented reality for neurosurgeons. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify research published from December 1st, 2011 to November 30th, 2021. Electronic databases (PubMed, PubMed Central, and Scopus) were screened. The methodological quality of studies and extracted data were assessed for "augmented reality" and "neurosurgery". The data analysis focused on the geographical distribution, temporal evolution, and topic of augmented reality in neurosurgery. RESULTS: A total of 198 studies have been included. The number of augmented reality applications in the neurosurgical field has increased during the last 10 years. The main topics on which it is mostly applied are spine surgery, neuronavigation, and education. The geographical distribution shows extensive use of augmented reality in the USA, Germany, China, and Canada. North America is the continent that uses augmented reality the most in the training and education of medical students, residents, and surgeons, besides giving the greatest research contribution in spine surgery, brain oncology, and surgical planning. AR is also extensively used in Asia for intraoperative navigation. Nevertheless, augmented reality is still far from reaching Africa and other countries with limited facilities, as no publications could be retrieved from our search. CONCLUSIONS: The use of AR is significantly increased in the last 10 years. Nowadays it is mainly used in spine surgery and for neurosurgical education, especially in North America, Europe and China. A continuous growth, also in other aspects of the specialty, is expected in the next future.
背景：增强现实（AR）在医学教育中的应用正在不断增加，尤其是在放射学和外科手术领域。AR有潜力成为神经外科培训课程的一个战略组成部分。事实上，多年来，AR在神经外科各个领域的应用一直在逐步增加。在本研究中，作者旨在确定近年来这些增强现实系统的普及情况。本研究描述了神经外科医生使用增强现实的未来趋势。 方法：对2011年12月1日至2021年11月30日发表的研究进行系统的文献综述。筛选了电子数据库（PubMed、PubMed Central和Scopus）。对“增强现实”和“神经外科”相关研究的方法学质量和提取的数据进行评估。数据分析聚焦于神经外科中增强现实的地理分布、时间演变和主题。 结果：共纳入198项研究。在过去10年中，神经外科领域增强现实应用的数量有所增加。其主要应用的主题是脊柱手术、神经导航和教育。地理分布显示，美国、德国、中国和加拿大广泛使用增强现实。北美是在医学生、住院医师和外科医生的培训和教育中使用增强现实最多的大陆，此外在脊柱手术、脑肿瘤学和手术规划方面的研究贡献也最大。AR在亚洲也广泛用于术中导航。然而，增强现实仍远未普及到非洲和其他设施有限的国家，因为在我们的搜索中未检索到相关出版物。 结论：在过去10年中，AR的使用显著增加。如今，它主要用于脊柱手术和神经外科教育，尤其是在北美、欧洲和中国。预计在未来，该专业的其他方面也将持续增长。
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