William James Center for Research, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal.
Business Research Unit, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal.
J Trauma Stress. 2022 Aug;35(4):1201-1214. doi: 10.1002/jts.22819. Epub 2022 Mar 31.
Refugees are disproportionately affected by extreme traumatic events that can violate core beliefs and life goals (i.e., global meaning) and cause significant distress. This mixed-methods study used an exploratory sequential design to assess meaning violations in a sample of Syrian refugees living in Portugal. For this purpose, we cross-culturally adapted the Global Meaning Violations Scale (GMVS) for use with Arabic-speaking refugees. In total, 43 war-affected Syrian adults participated in the two-phase study. Participants completed measures of trauma and narrated violations as they filled out the newly adapted GMVS-ArabV. GMVS-ArabV validity evidence based on response processes was investigated through Phase 1 focus groups (FGs; n = 2), whereas data from Phase 2 cognitive interviews (n = 38) were used to preliminarily explore the measure's internal structure through descriptive statistics as well as culture- and trauma-informed content evidence through thematic analysis. The results suggested highest goal (M = 3.51, SD = 1.46) and lowest belief (M = 2.38, SD = 1.59) violations of educational goals and religious beliefs, respectively. Themes related to stressors, item formulation, response scale, and the global meaning construct suggested that (a) beliefs and goals can be differentially violated by different stressors; (b) much like war trauma, including torture, daily stressors can additionally shatter pretrauma global meaning; and (c) refugees reappraise meaning and suffer violations anew throughout their migration journeys. The GMVS-ArabV offers a promising tool for exploring shattered cognitions in refugees and informs evidence-based approaches to trauma recovery and psychological adjustment in postmigration settings (the Arabic abstract and keywords are available in the Supplementary Materials).
难民受到极端创伤事件的影响不成比例，这些事件可能侵犯核心信仰和生活目标（即全球意义），并导致严重的痛苦。这项混合方法研究采用探索性顺序设计，在居住在葡萄牙的叙利亚难民样本中评估意义侵犯。为此，我们跨文化改编了全球意义侵犯量表（GMVS），用于讲阿拉伯语的难民。共有 43 名受战争影响的叙利亚成年人参加了这项两阶段研究。参与者在填写新改编的 GMVS-ArabV 时完成了创伤和侵犯叙述的测量。通过第 1 阶段焦点小组（FG；n=2）调查了 GMVS-ArabV 基于反应过程的有效性证据，而第 2 阶段认知访谈（n=38）的数据用于通过描述性统计和主题分析通过文化和创伤知情的内容证据初步探索该措施的内部结构。结果表明，教育目标和宗教信仰的最高目标（M=3.51，SD=1.46）和最低信仰（M=2.38，SD=1.59）侵犯。与压力源、项目制定、反应量表和全球意义结构相关的主题表明：（a）不同的压力源可能会对信仰和目标造成不同程度的侵犯；（b）就像战争创伤一样，包括酷刑在内的日常压力源也可能进一步破坏创伤前的全球意义；（c）难民在整个移民过程中重新评估意义并遭受新的侵犯。GMVS-ArabV 为探索难民破碎的认知提供了一种有前途的工具，并为创伤后恢复和后移民环境中的心理调整提供了循证方法（阿拉伯语摘要和关键词可在补充材料中找到）。
