UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals and Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Volker Hall - Room 509 1670 University Blvd. , Birmingham, AL, 35294-0019, USA.
Department of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Optometry, Birmingham, AL, USA.
Cell Biol Toxicol. 2023 Feb;39(1):85-110. doi: 10.1007/s10565-022-09710-8. Epub 2022 Apr 1.
Worldwide, more than 200 million people are estimated to be exposed to unsafe levels of arsenic. Chronic exposure to unsafe levels of groundwater arsenic is responsible for multiple human disorders, including dermal, cardiovascular, neurological, pulmonary, renal, and metabolic conditions. Consumption of rice and seafood (where high levels of arsenic are accumulated) is also responsible for human exposure to arsenic. The toxicity of arsenic compounds varies greatly and may depend on their chemical form, solubility, and concentration. Surprisingly, synthetic organoarsenicals are extremely toxic molecules which created interest in their development as chemical warfare agents (CWAs) during World War I (WWI). Among these CWAs, adamsite, Clark I, Clark II, and lewisite are of critical importance, as stockpiles of these agents still exist worldwide. In addition, unused WWII weaponized arsenicals discarded in water bodies or buried in many parts of the world continue to pose a serious threat to the environment and human health. Metabolic inhibition, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and epigenetic alterations including micro-RNA-dependent regulation are some of the underlying mechanisms of arsenic toxicity. Mechanistic understanding of the toxicity of organoarsenicals is also critical for the development of effective therapeutic interventions. This review provides comprehensive details and a critical assessment of recently published data on various chemical forms of arsenic, their exposure, and implications on human and environmental health.
据估计，全世界有超过 2 亿人面临着不安全水平的砷暴露。长期接触不安全水平的地下水砷会导致多种人类疾病，包括皮肤、心血管、神经、肺部、肾脏和代谢疾病。食用大米和海鲜（砷含量高）也会导致人类砷暴露。砷化合物的毒性差异很大，可能取决于其化学形式、溶解度和浓度。令人惊讶的是，合成有机砷化合物是极其有毒的分子，这在第一次世界大战（第一次世界大战）期间引起了人们对将其开发为化学战剂（化学战剂）的兴趣。在这些化学战剂中，亚当氏剂、克拉克 I 型、克拉克 II 型和路易氏剂至关重要，因为这些制剂的库存仍在全球范围内存在。此外，在世界许多地方，未使用的二战武器化砷制剂被丢弃在水体中或掩埋，继续对环境和人类健康构成严重威胁。代谢抑制、氧化应激、遗传毒性和表观遗传改变，包括 micro-RNA 依赖性调节，是砷毒性的一些潜在机制。对有机砷化合物毒性的机制理解对于开发有效的治疗干预措施也至关重要。本综述提供了关于各种化学形式的砷、其暴露及其对人类和环境健康的影响的最新发表数据的综合详细信息和批判性评估。
