Sublethal effects of tolfenpyrad on the development, reproduction, and predatory ability of Chrysoperla sinica.

The lacewing, Chrysoperla sinica, is a predaceous insect that is important in crop pest management. Chemical pesticides have adversely impacted predaceous insect species. Here we studied the effect of tolfenpyrad on C. sinica. The acute toxicity of tolfenpyrad to the second-instar larvae was determined and indicated that tolfenpyrad is a medium-risk insecticide. Sublethal concentrations (LC, LC, and LC) of tolfenpyrad had effects on the development, reproduction, and predatory ability of C. sinica. When the second-instar larvae of C. sinica were exposed to sublethal concentrations of tolfenpyrad, the activities of protective enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase, and detoxification enzymes, including carboxylesterase, glutathione-S-transferase, and P450 monooxygenases, were increased with exposure time. The second-instar larvae of C. sinica exposed to sublethal concentrations of tolfenpyrad exhibited an oxidative stress response that increased the levels of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Within 48-120 h after treatment, the contents of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I and adenosine triphosphate in the second-instar larvae were decreased. This resulted in an imbalance between the production and clearance of ROS and caused cellular damage.