Gowd Vemana, Ahmad Anas, Tarique Mohammad, Suhail Mohd, Zughaibi Torki A, Tabrez Shams, Khan Rehan
Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India.
Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
Semin Cancer Biol. 2022 Nov;86(Pt 2):624-644. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.03.026. Epub 2022 Apr 1.
Cancer has complex pathophysiology and is one of the primary causes of death and morbidity across the world. Chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy are examples of traditional cancer treatments. However, these conventional treatment regimens have many drawbacks, such as lack of selectivity, non-targeted cytotoxicity, insufficient drug delivery at tumor sites, and multi-drug resistance, leading to less potent/ineffective cancer treatment. Due to its immanent biophysical property and ability to change in numerous ways, nano-technology has completely transformed how cancer is identified and treated in recent years. Furthermore, nanotechnology providing solutions to these restrictions and boosting cancer therapy. Nanoparticles are widely used nanomedicine platform in cancer immunotherapy due to their excellent physicochemical properties that include size, shape, and surface features, resulting into desirable biological interactions and have been categorized into several types. Nanoparticles can also be potentially be up taken by antigen-presenting cells that promote the cytosolic delivery of encapsulated antigens and adjuvants. Furthermore, nanoparticles can be fine-tuned and functionalized with specific moieties to promote their efficacy in targeting and delivering cargo materials to specific locations. In this review, we summarized and discussed nanoparticles and potential features to be used as carriers in cancer immunotherapy, the current status of different types of nanoparticles, and the importance of their functionalization. Furthermore, we have also discussed nanoparticles-based nanomedicine in targeted delivery of encapsulated cancer immunotherapeutic and their involvement in the modulation of the tumor microenvironment, promoting cancer immunotherapy.
癌症具有复杂的病理生理学，是全球死亡和发病的主要原因之一。化疗、靶向治疗、放射治疗和免疫治疗是传统癌症治疗的例子。然而，这些传统治疗方案有许多缺点，如缺乏选择性、非靶向细胞毒性、肿瘤部位药物递送不足和多药耐药性，导致癌症治疗效果不佳/无效。由于其固有的生物物理特性和以多种方式变化的能力，纳米技术近年来彻底改变了癌症的识别和治疗方式。此外，纳米技术为这些限制提供了解决方案，并推动了癌症治疗。纳米颗粒因其优异的物理化学性质（包括尺寸、形状和表面特征）而成为癌症免疫治疗中广泛使用的纳米医学平台，从而产生理想的生物相互作用，并已被分为几种类型。纳米颗粒也可能被抗原呈递细胞摄取，从而促进包封抗原和佐剂的胞质递送。此外，纳米颗粒可以用特定的部分进行微调并功能化，以提高其在靶向和将货物材料递送至特定位置方面的功效。在本综述中，我们总结并讨论了用作癌症免疫治疗载体的纳米颗粒及其潜在特性、不同类型纳米颗粒的现状以及它们功能化的重要性。此外，我们还讨论了基于纳米颗粒的纳米医学在包封癌症免疫治疗药物的靶向递送中的应用及其在调节肿瘤微环境、促进癌症免疫治疗中的作用。
