Specific Roles of Lipoxygenases in Development and Responses to Stress in Plants.

Lipoxygenases (LOXs), naturally occurring enzymes, are widely distributed in plants and animals. LOXs can be non-sulfur iron, non-heme iron, or manganese-containing dioxygenase redox enzymes. LOXs catalyze the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into fatty acid hydroperoxides. Linolenic acid, a precursor in the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, is converted to 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid through oxygenation with LOX, allene oxide synthase, and allene oxide cyclase. Moreover, JA participates in seed germination, fruit ripening, senescence, and many other physio-biochemical processes. LOXs also play crucial roles in defense responses against biotic stress, i.e., insects, pests, pathogenic attacks, and abiotic stress, such as wounding, UV-rays, extreme temperature, oxidative stress, and drought.