Department of Dermatology I, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020125 Bucharest, Romania.
Department of Urology, Clinical Hospital Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030167 Bucharest, Romania.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Mar 24;23(7):3550. doi: 10.3390/ijms23073550.
The incidence of syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and herpes simplex has increased over the last decade, despite the numerous prevention strategies. Worldwide scientists report a surge in drug-resistant infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Antigenic variations in syphilis enable long-term infection, but benzathine penicillin G maintains its efficiency, whereas macrolides should be recommended with caution. Mupirocin and zoliflodacin were recently introduced as therapies against ceftriaxone-resistant gonococcus, which poses a larger global threat. The gastrointestinal and prostatic potential reservoirs of Chlamydia trachomatis may represent the key towards complete eradication. Similar to syphilis, macrolides resistance has to be considered in genital chlamydiosis. Acyclovir-resistant HSV may respond to the novel helicase-primase inhibitors and topical imiquimod, particularly in HIV-positive patients. Novel drugs can overcome these challenges while nanocarriers enhance their potency, particularly in mucosal areas. This review summarizes the most recent and valuable discoveries regarding the immunopathogenic mechanisms of these sexually transmitted infections and discusses the challenges and opportunities of the novel molecules and nanomaterials.
尽管采取了众多预防策略，但在过去十年中，梅毒、淋病、衣原体和单纯疱疹的发病率有所上升。全球科学家报告称，耐药感染病例激增，尤其是在免疫功能低下的患者中。梅毒的抗原变异使其能够长期感染，但苄星青霉素 G 仍保持其疗效，而大环内酯类药物的使用应谨慎。莫匹罗星和唑利福定最近被引入作为治疗对头孢曲松耐药淋病奈瑟菌的疗法，这对全球构成了更大的威胁。沙眼衣原体在胃肠道和前列腺的潜在储库可能是实现完全根除的关键。与梅毒一样，在生殖器衣原体病中也需要考虑大环内酯类药物的耐药性。新型疱疹病毒可能对新型解旋酶-引物抑制剂和局部咪喹莫特有反应，尤其是在 HIV 阳性患者中。新型药物可以克服这些挑战，而纳米载体则可以增强其效力，特别是在黏膜区域。本综述总结了关于这些性传播感染的免疫发病机制的最新和最有价值的发现，并讨论了新型分子和纳米材料的挑战和机遇。
