Amsterdam UMC, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR 10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Mar 31;19(7):4176. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19074176.
Exposure to hazardous chemicals released during hairdressing activities from hair care products puts hairdressers at risk of adverse health effects. Safety assessments of hair products are mainly focused on consumers, but exposure for professional hairdressers might be substantially higher.
To identify and assess available research data on inhalation exposures of professional hairdressers.
A systematic search of studies between 1 January 2000 and 30 April 2021 was performed in Medline, Embase, Web of Science and in Cochrane registry, toxicological dossiers of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) of the European Commission as well as the German MAK Commission. Studies reporting quantitative data on airborne concentrations of chemicals in the hairdresser's workplace were considered. The outcome was an airborne concentration of chemicals in the working environment, which was compared, when possible, with current occupational exposure limits (OEL) or guidance levels.
In total, 23 studies performed in 14 countries were included. The average number of hairdressing salons per study was 22 (range 1-62). Chemicals most frequently measured were formaldehyde ( = 8), ammonia ( = 5), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) ( = 5), and toluene ( = 4). More than fifty other chemicals were measured in one to three studies, including various aromatic and aliphatic organic solvents, hydrogen peroxide, persulfate, and particulate matter. Most studies reported environmental air concentrations, while personal exposure was measured only in seven studies. The measured air concentrations of formaldehyde, ammonia, and TVOC exceeded OEL or guidance values in some studies. There was large variability in measuring conditions and reported air concentrations differed strongly within and between studies.
Hairdressers are exposed to a wide spectrum of hazardous chemicals, often simultaneously. Airborne concentrations of pollutants depend on salon characteristics such as ventilation and the number of customers but also on used products that are often country- or client-specific. For exposure to formaldehyde, ammonia, and TVOC exceeding OELs or guidance values for indoor air was observed. Therefore, occupational exposure should be taken into account by safety regulations for hair care products.
美发师在进行美发活动时，会接触到护发产品中释放的有害化学物质，从而面临健康风险。目前，对头发产品的安全评估主要集中在消费者身上，但专业美发师的暴露风险可能要高得多。
确定并评估有关专业美发师吸入暴露的现有研究数据。
对 2000 年 1 月 1 日至 2021 年 4 月 30 日期间在 Medline、Embase、Web of Science 和欧洲委员会消费者安全科学委员会（SCCS）毒理学档案以及德国 MAK 委员会中进行的研究进行了系统检索。研究报告了美发师工作场所空气中化学物质的定量数据。将工作环境中的化学物质的空气浓度作为结果，并在可能的情况下，与当前职业接触限值（OEL）或指导水平进行比较。
共纳入 14 个国家的 23 项研究。每项研究的美发沙龙平均数量为 22 个（范围为 1-62 个）。测量最多的化学物质是甲醛（=8）、氨（=5）、总挥发性有机化合物（TVOC）（=5）和甲苯（=4）。在一到三项研究中测量了五十多种其他化学物质，包括各种芳香族和脂肪族有机溶剂、过氧化氢、过硫酸盐和颗粒物。大多数研究报告了环境空气浓度，而只有 7 项研究测量了个人暴露。在一些研究中，甲醛、氨和 TVOC 的测量空气浓度超过了 OEL 或指导值。测量条件存在很大差异，报告的空气浓度在研究之间和内部差异很大。
美发师接触到广泛的有害化学物质，通常是同时接触。污染物的空气浓度取决于沙龙的特点，如通风和顾客数量，但也取决于经常是特定于国家或客户的使用产品。对于超过室内空气 OEL 或指导值的甲醛、氨和 TVOC 的暴露，观察到了职业暴露。因此，安全法规应考虑到头发护理产品的职业暴露。
