Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal.
J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2011;74(15-16):993-1000. doi: 10.1080/15287394.2011.582027.
Hairdressing is predominantly a female activity, in which several chemicals are handled, some of which are known to be allergenic and potentially carcinogenic. Several epidemiological studies showed an association between occupational exposure to chemicals in hairdressing salons and skin and respiratory-tract conditions. The aim of this study were to characterize the occupational exposure to total volatile organic compounds (VOC) and ammonia (NH₃) in 50 Portuguese hairdressers' salons and to analyze the prevalence of respiratory and skin symptoms in 134 hairdressing professionals. Data indicated that internal sources of total VOC are mainly due to indoor sources, with average concentrations (1.4 mg/m³) above the Portuguese reference levels (0.6 mg/m³). Of the hairdressers' salons studied, 4% had a mean NH₃ concentration higher than Portuguese (20 ppm) and American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (25 ppm) reference levels. Hand dermatitis was the occupational symptom most reported by hairdressers (50%), followed by eye irritation (43%). The results of this study suggest that hairdressers' occupational activities are linked with higher risk of developing hand and wrist/arm dermatitis and symptoms in the upper respiratory tract. The proper use of disposable gloves, hands, wrists, and arms skin monitoring, and the frequent use of moisturizers in the workplace are effective measures to prevent the occurrence of dermatitis in these professionals. Displacement ventilation and/or local exhaust with adequate air exchange rate are recommended particularly in technical areas where hairdressing chemicals are mixed.
美发主要是女性从事的活动，在此过程中会接触到一些化学物质，其中一些已知具有变应原性和潜在致癌性。一些流行病学研究表明，在美发沙龙中接触职业性化学物质与皮肤和呼吸道疾病之间存在关联。本研究旨在描述 50 家葡萄牙美发沙龙中总挥发性有机化合物（VOC）和氨（NH₃）的职业暴露情况，并分析 134 名美发师的呼吸道和皮肤症状的患病率。数据表明，总 VOC 的内部来源主要来自室内来源，平均浓度（1.4mg/m³）高于葡萄牙（0.6mg/m³）和美国工业卫生学家协会（ACGIH）（25ppm）的参考水平。在所研究的美发沙龙中，有 4%的沙龙平均 NH₃浓度高于葡萄牙（20ppm）和美国工业卫生学家协会（25ppm）的参考水平。手部皮炎是美发师报告最多的职业症状（50%），其次是眼部刺激（43%）。本研究结果表明，美发师的职业活动与手部和腕部/手臂皮炎以及上呼吸道症状的发生风险增加有关。正确使用一次性手套、手部、腕部和手臂皮肤监测，以及在工作场所频繁使用保湿剂是预防这些专业人员发生皮炎的有效措施。建议在混合美发化学品的技术区域特别采用置换通风和/或局部排气，以确保足够的空气交换率。
