Procès Anthony, Luciano Marine, Kalukula Yohalie, Ris Laurence, Gabriele Sylvain
Mechanobiology and Biomaterials group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium.
Neurosciences Department, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium.
Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022 Mar 28;10:823857. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.823857. eCollection 2022.
Increasing evidence suggests that mechanics play a critical role in regulating brain function at different scales. Downstream integration of mechanical inputs into biochemical signals and genomic pathways causes observable and measurable effects on brain cell fate and can also lead to important pathological consequences. Despite recent advances, the mechanical forces that influence neuronal processes remain largely unexplored, and how endogenous mechanical forces are detected and transduced by brain cells into biochemical and genetic programs have received less attention. In this review, we described the composition of brain tissues and their pronounced microstructural heterogeneity. We discuss the individual role of neuronal and glial cell mechanics in brain homeostasis and diseases. We highlight how changes in the composition and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix can modulate brain cell functions and describe key mechanisms of the mechanosensing process. We then consider the contribution of mechanobiology in the emergence of brain diseases by providing a critical review on traumatic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and neuroblastoma. We show that a better understanding of the mechanobiology of brain tissues will require to manipulate the physico-chemical parameters of the cell microenvironment, and to develop three-dimensional models that can recapitulate the complexity and spatial diversity of brain tissues in a reproducible and predictable manner. Collectively, these emerging insights shed new light on the importance of mechanobiology and its implication in brain and nerve diseases.
越来越多的证据表明，力学在不同尺度上对大脑功能的调节起着关键作用。机械输入向下游整合到生化信号和基因组途径中，会对脑细胞命运产生可观察和可测量的影响，还可能导致重要的病理后果。尽管最近取得了进展，但影响神经元过程的机械力在很大程度上仍未得到探索，而且脑细胞如何检测和转导内源性机械力并将其转化为生化和遗传程序也较少受到关注。在这篇综述中，我们描述了脑组织的组成及其明显的微观结构异质性。我们讨论了神经元和神经胶质细胞力学在脑稳态和疾病中的各自作用。我们强调细胞外基质的组成和力学性质的变化如何调节脑细胞功能，并描述了机械传感过程的关键机制。然后，我们通过对创伤性脑损伤、神经退行性疾病和神经母细胞瘤的批判性综述，考虑了力学生物学在脑部疾病发生中的作用。我们表明，要更好地理解脑组织的力学生物学，需要操纵细胞微环境的物理化学参数，并开发能够以可重复和可预测的方式概括脑组织复杂性和空间多样性的三维模型。总的来说，这些新出现的见解为力学生物学的重要性及其在脑部和神经疾病中的意义提供了新的视角。
