Gul Zarmina, Tang Zhong-Hua, Arif Muhammad, Ye Zhang
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
Biology (Basel). 2022 Apr 14;11(4):597. doi: 10.3390/biology11040597.
Salinity is significant abiotic stress that affects the majority of agricultural, irrigated, and cultivated land. It is an issue of global importance, causing many socio-economic problems. Salt stress mainly occurs due to two factors: (1) soil type and (2) irrigation water. It is a major environmental constraint, limiting crop growth, plant productivity, and agricultural yield. Soil salinity is a major problem that considerably distorts ecological habitats in arid and semi-arid regions. Excess salts in the soil affect plant nutrient uptake and osmotic balance, leading to osmotic and ionic stress. Plant adaptation or tolerance to salinity stress involves complex physiological traits, metabolic pathways, the production of enzymes, compatible solutes, metabolites, and molecular or genetic networks. Different plant species have different salt overly sensitive pathways and high-affinity K channel transporters that maintain ion homeostasis. However, little progress has been made in developing salt-tolerant crop varieties using different breeding approaches. This review highlights the interlinking of plant morpho-physiological, molecular, biochemical, and genetic approaches to produce salt-tolerant plant species. Most of the research emphasizes the significance of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in protecting plants from biotic and abiotic stressors. Plant growth, survival, and yield can be stabilized by utilizing this knowledge using different breeding and agronomical techniques. This information marks existing research areas and future gaps that require more attention to reveal new salt tolerance determinants in plants-in the future, creating genetically modified plants could help increase crop growth and the toleration of saline environments.
盐度是一种重要的非生物胁迫，影响着大部分农业、灌溉和耕地。它是一个具有全球重要性的问题，引发了许多社会经济问题。盐胁迫主要由两个因素引起：（1）土壤类型和（2）灌溉水。它是一个主要的环境限制因素，限制了作物生长、植物生产力和农业产量。土壤盐渍化是一个严重的问题，极大地扭曲了干旱和半干旱地区的生态栖息地。土壤中过量的盐分影响植物对养分的吸收和渗透平衡，导致渗透胁迫和离子胁迫。植物对盐胁迫的适应或耐受性涉及复杂的生理特性、代谢途径、酶、相容性溶质、代谢物的产生以及分子或遗传网络。不同的植物物种具有不同的盐过度敏感途径和高亲和力钾通道转运蛋白，以维持离子稳态。然而，利用不同的育种方法培育耐盐作物品种进展甚微。本综述强调了植物形态生理、分子、生化和遗传方法相互关联以培育耐盐植物物种。大多数研究强调了植物促生根际细菌在保护植物免受生物和非生物胁迫方面的重要性。利用这些知识，通过不同的育种和农艺技术可以稳定植物生长、存活和产量。这些信息标志着现有研究领域以及未来需要更多关注以揭示植物新的耐盐决定因素的差距——未来，创造转基因植物可能有助于增加作物生长和对盐渍环境的耐受性。
